Evaluating the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States

Hall, Wayne; Lynskey, Michael T.

doi:10.1111/add.13428

Cited by 296 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Increases in product potency and diversity appear related to the presence of for-profit cannabis dispensaries (retail stores) that are motivated to increase sales (Borodovsky et al, 2016; Pacula et al, 2014b; Richter and Levy, 2014; Sevigny et al, 2014). Production and availability of high-potency cannabis may also be inadvertently exacerbated by taxation structures based on the weight of cannabis, which creates an incentive for manufacturers to develop low-weight, high-THC content products (Hall and Lynskey, 2016). …”

Section: Pharmacologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Economic projections of the price of cannabis associated with the proliferation of legalization clearly indicate substantial decreases compared to pre-legalization cost (Caulkins et al, 2012; Hall and Lynskey, 2016). Leveraging the clear and consistent negative relationship between monetary price and consumption of tobacco and alcohol products is a staple public health strategy for mitigating population-level use and harm associated with those substances (Chaloupka et al, 2002; Chaloupka et al, 2010; Farrell et al, 2003; Pacula et al, 2014b).…”

Section: Access/availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The potential impact of cannabis legalization on the development of cannabis use disorders

Budney

Borodovsky

2017

Preventive Medicine

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Specific provisions of legal cannabis legislation and regulation could influence cannabis initiation, frequency and quantity of use, and progression to cannabis use disorder. This brief essay highlights scientifically based principles and risk factors that underlie substance use and addiction that can be leveraged to inform policies that might mitigate the development and consequences of cannabis use disorder. Specifically, pharmacologic, access/availability, and environmental factors are discussed in relation to their influence on substance use disorders to illustrate how regulatory provisions can differentially affect these factors and risk for addiction. Relevant knowledge from research and experience with alcohol and tobacco regulation are also considered. Research designed to inform regulatory policy and to evaluate the impact of cannabis legislation on cannabis use and problems is progressing. However, definitive findings will come slowly, and more concerted efforts and resources are needed to expedite this process. In the meantime, policymakers should take advantage of the large body of scientific literature on substance use to foster empirically-guided, common sense approaches to cannabis policy that focus on prevention of addiction.

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Section: Pharmacologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Access/availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential impact of cannabis legalization on the development of cannabis use disorders

Budney

Borodovsky

2017

Preventive Medicine

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“…Decreased criminalization may lead to an increase in cannabis use and cannabis-related harm. [1, 2] Potentially negative impacts include: a rise in intoxicated drivers and workers, an increase in cannabis use among adolescents, and negative health effects from chronic cannabis use. [3–7] Unlike alcohol consumption, which can be detected by monitoring the concentration of ethanol in the blood or breath, determination of cannabis intoxication is not as straightforward.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of cannabinoid vapor pressures to aid in vapor phase detection of intoxication

Lovestead

Bruno

2017

Forensic Chemistry

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The quest for a reliable means to detect cannabis intoxication with a breathalyzer is ongoing. To design such a device, it is important to understand the fundamental thermodynamics of the compounds of interest. The vapor pressures of two important cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), are presented, as well as the predicted normal boiling temperature (NBT) and the predicted critical constants (these predictions are dependent on the vapor pressure data). The critical constants are typically necessary to develop an equation of state (EOS). EOS-based models can provide estimations of thermophysical properties for compounds to aid in designing processes and devices. An ultra-sensitive, quantitative, trace dynamic headspace analysis sampling called porous layered open tubular-cryoadsorption (PLOT-cryo) was used to measure vapor pressures of these compounds. PLOT-cryo affords short experiment durations compared to more traditional techniques for vapor pressure determination (minutes versus days). Additionally, PLOT-cryo has the inherent ability to stabilize labile solutes because collection is done at reduced temperature. The measured vapor pressures are approximately 2 orders of magnitude lower than those measured for n-eicosane, which has a similar molecular mass. Thus, the difference in polarity of these molecules must be impacting the vapor pressure dramatically. The vapor pressure measurements are presented in the form of Clausius-Clapeyron (or van’t Hoff) equation plots. The predicted vapor pressures that would be expected at near ambient conditions (25 °C) are also presented.

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“…10 Among the highest profile case studies are efforts to regulate cannabis at the national (e.g., Canada, Uruguay 11,12 ) and state (e.g., multiple US states 13 ) levels. On the opposite end of the spectrum, mass campaigns of extra-judicial homicides ostensibly carried out to deter drug use and trafficking (e.g., Thailand, Philippines 14,15 ), as well as the use of torture and detention to ‘treat’ substance use disorders (e.g., Russia, China 16–18 ) represent extreme adaptations of the War on Drugs model, and which appear to be firmly entrenched in certain settings.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-war prevention: Emerging frameworks to prevent drug use after the War on Drugs

Werb

2018

International Journal of Drug Policy

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The prevention of drug use is one of the primary goals of the War on Drugs. However, despite investment in high-profile interventions such as social marketing campaigns and enforcement-based deterrence, these efforts have generally failed. With the emergence of novel policy frameworks to control and regulate drug use, a window of opportunity exists to test approaches to drug prevention that take into account existing evidence and the rights of individuals who use drugs. Specifically, there is a growing consensus that entry into drug use is a socially-defined event that individuals experience within particular socio-structural contexts. This understanding, coupled with a distinction between the value of preventing problematic drug use rather than all drug use, provides a useful framework within which to develop effective and rights-based approaches to drug prevention.

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Evaluating the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States

Abstract: Plausible effects of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States include substantially reducing the price of cannabis and increasing heavy use and some types of cannabis-related harm among existing users. In the longer term it may also increase the number of new users.

Cited by 296 publications

References 51 publications

The potential impact of cannabis legalization on the development of cannabis use disorders

The potential impact of cannabis legalization on the development of cannabis use disorders

Determination of cannabinoid vapor pressures to aid in vapor phase detection of intoxication

Post-war prevention: Emerging frameworks to prevent drug use after the War on Drugs

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