Evaluating the social outcomes of COVID-19 pandemic: empirical evidence from Pakistan

Abstract

The study aims to assess and analyze the social outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study uses the discourse of comprehensive literature review to identify the outcomes, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) for developing a structural model and Matrices’ Impacts Cruise’s Multiplication Appliquée a UN Classement (MICMAC) for analysis, classification of societal outcomes, and corroboration of results of ISM. Data from fifteen experts was collected through a survey questionnaire. As a result of the literature review, a list of sixteen outcomes was generated and verified by a panel of experts. Results of ISM revealed that the outcomes, namely, “emotional instability,” “mental health self-harm,” loneliness reduced recreational activities, obesity, and “increased screen time” come at the top of the model; therefore, they are less vital outcomes, whereas the most significant outcome which is at the bottom of the model is “employment instability”; hence it has a major impact on the society. The remaining outcomes fall in the middle of the model, so they have a moderate-severe impact. Results of MICMAC validate the findings of ISM. Overall findings of the study reveal that “employment instability” is the crucial social outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an original attempt based on real-time data, which is helpful for society at large, researchers, the international community, and policymakers because this study provides a lot of new information about the phenomenon. The study includes understanding society at large, policymakers, and researchers by illustrating the complex relations and simplifying the connections among a wide range of social outcomes of COVID-19.

Till debt does us apart: Cross-country evidence on the relationship between microfinance prevalence and social distrust

“…For example, the variance of the incremental sample for every new wave may be correlated with some 'type' of countries added, which may affect overall variance. Another potential channel affecting variance across cross-sections may be shocks, such as Covid [65][66][67][68][69][70] in Wave 7, in which a tighter distribution of distrust is likely. The priors show microfinance intensity to be associated with distrust in poor as well as the ultra-poor according to all 3 measures of microfinance intensity.…”

Examining the convergence of dominant themes related to social entrepreneurship, NGOs and globalization–A systematic literature review

“…According to the authors, "the development of global networks and the rising interdependence of global players have encouraged the rise and impact of non-governmental organizations, allowing them to play a more major role in global governance." Globalization has enhanced the visibility and effect of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), but it has also introduced new problems, such as the need to compete for financing and recognition in a congested global marketplace [ 32 , 33 ]. As the globe becomes increasingly inter-connected, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) will continue to play an important role in global governance, and will be well positioned to capitalize on the possibilities and difficulties of globalization to accomplish their objectives [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Predicting the future financial performance of Islamic banks: a sentiment analysis approach

“…However, banks are also susceptible to poor performance that can have significant contagious effects on financial markets, industrial production, exports and even the GDP of major economies, as witnessed by the global financial crisis of 2007(Edey, 2009Laeven and Valencia, 2010). Similarly, recent Covid-19 pandemic has a similar impacts on banks and global stock markets (Abbass et al, 2022a(Abbass et al, , 2022b(Abbass et al, , 2022cAbbass et al, 2022aAbbass et al, , 2022bAbbass et al, , 2022cBanna et al, 2022). Given that investors in financial institutions or stock markets are closely associated with banks, such crises have a severe impact on the banking institutions that lead to an impact on the their financial performance (Iqbal and Saeed, 2023).…”

“…These banks differ significantly from conventional banks in various ways, such as regulations, profit distribution (Farook et al, 2012), asset-backed product offerings (Cerovic et al, 2017) and capital formation (Abu-alkheil et al, 2017). The Islamic banking system adheres to the laws of Islamic Shari'ah, making interest-free banking (Abbass et al, 2022a(Abbass et al, , 2022b(Abbass et al, , 2022cHassan et al, 2017;Hassan et al, 2022aHassan et al, , 2022bHassan et al, 2021;Zaher and Hassan, 2001). In Shari'ah terms, interest is called "Riba," which is prohibited in Islam because it causes a way of exploitation to the borrowers.…”