“…Hospitality employees are regarded as the most unique and valuable asset and the most costly investment of the hotel entities ( Hwang et al, 2021 ). In the developing countries, such as Korea, China, Vietnam, and Thailand, hospitality jobs do not seem attractive to high-quality personnel ( Wang and Abukhalifeh, 2020 ) due to several limitations, such as low wage ( Wen et al, 2018 ), few career promotion opportunities, and high physical and/or emotional stress from work (e.g., long periods of standing or sitting, dealing with many customer complaints). In addition, hospitality jobs do not merit a high social status, unlike high-tech jobs, in society at large ( Tuan, 2021 ).…”