Evaluation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibers from Flaxseed Fiber Bundles

Abstract

In recent decades, rational management of agricultural residues presented a new approach for extraction, characterization, and utilization of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). In this context, the valorization of flaxseed fibers, providing an annual yield of millions of metric tons, as an abundant sustainable fiber source, was carried out. The cleaned and ground raw material was delignified and bleached, followed by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)/NaBr/NaClO oxidization along with mechanical homogenization. The resulting extracted cellulose and cellulose nanofibers were characterized by various analytical methods. The overall yield of CNF based on the raw material was 31.2% ± 1.5%. This study explored a simple method for converting flaxseed fibers to fluorescent, high quality, nano-sized cellulosic precursors for novel applications in pharmaceutical and bio-composite applications.

Preparation of cellulose nanofibers from potato residues by ultrasonication combined with high-pressure homogenization

“…The XRD results showed that the approximate positions of the diffraction peaks were 2θ = 15.3 • , 16.4 • , 22.5 • and 34.2 • [Fig. 3(b)], indicating the characteristic diffraction structure of cellulose I (native cellulose) (Azhar et al, 2021). The characteristic peaks of the sample appeared near 16.4 • , 22.5 • and 35 • , indicating that the sample contained crystallized and amorphous structures.…”

“…XRD analysis was conducted following the method of Azhar et al (2021). The crystallinities of samples were determined using an X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku D/max2500, Rigaku Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) with filtered Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.1540 nm) at 40 kV and 40 mA.…”

“…CNFs consist of 1000 to 10,000 molecules of linear homopolysaccharide composed of β-D-glucopyranose units linked together by β-1-4-linkages (Xie et al, 2016). CNFs can be produced from a variety of crop residues such as sugarcane bagasse agrowaste (Hongrattanavichit & Aht-Ong, 2020) and flaxseed fiber (Azhar et al, 2021). CNFs have attracted considerable interest owing to their notable properties such as high specific surface area (Dilamian & Noroozi, 2019), high aspect ratio, high Young's modulus, low cost, light weight, abundance, renewability and biodegradability (Li et al, 2015).…”

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“…Sloneker 1971 [44] Flaxseed fiber Assessment and characterization of flaxseed fiber bundles CNF's Azhar et al 2021 [45] Nopal Cactus Cellulose from cactus plant: Extraction and Isolation Ouhammou et al 2022 [46] Mulberry Mulberry cellulose whiskers: A unique biomass production method…”

Cassava microfiber–reinforced gelatin scaffold holds promise for tissue engineering by exhibiting cytocompatibility with HEK 293 cells

“…[1][2][3] Researchers are constantly exploring various applications based on cellulose due to its biodegradability. 4,5 Its ability to serve as a sustainable renewable natural resource is vital in this era of eco-friendliness and sustainability. 6 Cellulose has a densely packed glucan chain structure which improves its mechanical strength to support cellular networks and introduce various surface modifications.…”