Evaluation and Improvement of Extraction Methods for the Analysis of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 from Naturally Contaminated Maize

Bertuzzi, Terenzio; Rastelli, Silvia; Mulazzi, Annalisa; Pietri, Amedeo

doi:10.1007/s12161-011-9274-5

Cited by 60 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The suspension retains the aflatoxin molecules what can be eluted cleanly, free from any disturbing compounds (Borbély et al, 2010;Lai et al, 2014). Another intention is the extraction with different solvents such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), chlorobenzene (C 6 H 5 Cl), chloroform (CHCl 3 ), and dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), methanol and acetonitrile (Sepherd, 2009;Bertuzzi et al, 2012;Sarnoski et al, 2015).…”

Section: Qualitative and Quantitative Aflatoxin Analytical Methods -Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock

et al. 2019

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Section: Qualitative and Quantitative Aflatoxin Analytical Methods -Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock

et al. 2019

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“…The analysis, based on the method reported by Bertuzzi et al (2012), was performed in subdued light. AFs were extracted from 10 g of milled sample with 100 mL of acetone-water (70 + 30 v/v), using a rotary-shaking stirrer for 45 min.…”

Section: Aflatoxins Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-occurrence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and citrinin in “egusi” melon (Colocynthis citrullusL.) seeds consumed in Ireland and the United Kingdom

Somorin

Akinyemi

Bertuzzi

et al. 2016

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B

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The natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) in melon seed samples obtained from retailers and households in Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK) was evaluated. AFs and OTA were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection while CIT was analysed by HPLC-MS/MS. AFB1 was detected in all (100%) samples (mean = 9.7 μg kg(-1); range = 0.2-66.5 μg kg(-1)). Mean total AFs was 12.0 μg kg(-1) (range = 0.3-82 μg kg(-1)). Commercially retailed samples showed a significantly higher AFB1 contamination (p < 0.05) than the household samples. OTA occurred in 3 (13.6%) samples, while 4 (18.2%) were contaminated with CIT at very low levels. In this study, 68% of the melon seed samples were contaminated above the 2 μg kg(-1) EU limit for AFB1 in oilseeds. These results highlight the need for the development of strategies to reduce AF contamination in "egusi" for human consumption.

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“…Such studies include quantification of low molecular weight polyphenols in vegetables (Silva et al 2012), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish (Ramalhosa et al 2009), acrylamide in food (Mastovska and Lehotay 2006), veterinary drugs (Brondi et al 2013;de Souza et al 2013), mycotoxins in grains (Kokkonen and Jestoi 2009) dried fruits (Azaiez et al 2014) and cereal products (Cunha and Fernandes 2010;Vaclavik et al 2010;Zachariasova et al 2010;Soleiman et al 2011;Ferreira et al 2012) as well as in other matrices (Alvito et al 2010;Bertuzzi et al 2012;Fernandes et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Throughput Analytical Strategy Based on Modified QuEChERS Extraction and Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Clean-up Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Triple-Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Quantification of Multiclass Mycotoxins in Cereals

et al. 2014

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A simple, reliable, efficient, selective and sensitive QuEChERS-based (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) sample preparation strategy, involving an initial partitioning step using acidified acetonitrile (ACN), MgSO 4 , NaCl and citrate buffer salts, combined with dispersive solidphase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up, is proposed for the simultaneous multiclass mycotoxins quantification, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearalenone, in cereals. The final clear extracts were concentrated under vacuum to near dryness and taken-up with the initial mobile phase (MeOH:H 2 O;70:30, v/v) previous to reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis. Careful optimization of the LC-ESI-MS/MS parameters was achieved in order to attain a fast separation and increased sensitivity. The detection was carried out on a triplequadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) by electrospray ionization in positive ion mode (ESI + ) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Tandem MS conditions were optimised in order to increase selectivity, selecting the best transitions (parent ion to quantifier and qualifier ions) for quantification and identification. The performance of the method was assessed and compared to European Commission (EC) Regulations, by studying the selectivity, specificity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), linear dynamic range (LDR), matrix effect, accuracy, precision, and uncertainty. Good linearity (r 2 >0.9713) was achieved for all mycotoxins investigated, and LODs (S/N=3) and LOQs (S/ N=10) were below the tolerance levels of mycotoxins set by EC. Recoveries of the extraction process, obtained with different spiked concentrations, ranged from 72.9 to 120.6 %, with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 23.0 %. Only in 6 % of all combinations did the RSD values exceed 15 %. Matrix effects were observed by comparing the slope of matrix-matched standard calibration with that of the solvent. The developed method was applied to evaluate the cooccurrence of multiclass mycotoxins in cereals collected at the importation points and consumer habitations at Madeira Island. Samples collected at importation points (15 wheat samples, 4 maize samples and 2 rice samples) showed the presence of DON in three wheat samples, and FB1 and HT-2 in one wheat sample. Three maize samples were detected with FB1 (two samples) and AFG 2 (one sample) whereas one rice sample was detected with ZEN. The results revealed the absence of target mycotoxins on the rice samples collected at consumer habitations. None of the studied cereal samples exceeded the maximum permissible limits or indicative levels set by the EC which means that the particular Madeira Island Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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Evaluation and Improvement of Extraction Methods for the Analysis of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 from Naturally Contaminated Maize

Cited by 60 publications

References 14 publications

Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock

Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock

Co-occurrence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and citrinin in “egusi” melon (Colocynthis citrullusL.) seeds consumed in Ireland and the United Kingdom

High-Throughput Analytical Strategy Based on Modified QuEChERS Extraction and Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Clean-up Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Triple-Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Quantification of Multiclass Mycotoxins in Cereals

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