Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders of Phosphate Balance

Extracellular Inorganic Phosphate-Induced Release of Reactive Oxygen Species: Roles in Physiological Processes and Disease Development

“…Hyperphosphataemia is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) [12]. Hyperphosphataemia is caused by phosphate overloading and results in increased FGF-23 activity, decreased 1α, 25[OH]2D production, and increased renal phosphate excretion [9,13]. In the renal tubule, a low expression of transmembrane-α-klotho is generally associated with kidney tubular cell resistance to FGF23, leading to hyperphosphatemia [10].…”

“…Commonly known as free radicals, oxidants include reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as superoxide (O 2 − ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite (ONOO -) [14,15]. Regarding reactive oxygen species (ROS), H 2 O 2 and O 2 − , are key redox signalling agents generated mainly by NADPH oxidases (NOX) and the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) [13][14][15]. The mitochondrial electron transport chain leaks electrons from complexes I, II, and III to molecular oxygen to generate superoxide, which is rapidly converted into H 2 O 2 [16].…”