Evaluation by the Ames Assay of the Mutagenicity of UV Filters Using Benzophenone and Benzophenone-1

Abstract

Ultraviolet absorbing chemicals (UV filters) are widely used in personal care products for protecting human skin and hair from damage by UV radiation. Although these substances are released into the environment during production and consumption processes, little is known about their genotoxicity effects. Our previous studies have shown that benzophenone-type UV filters exhibited acute toxicity on three species of aquatic organisms. Mutagenesis by benzophenone (BP) and benzophenone-1(BP-1) was tested in the present study by the Salmonella typhimurium/reverse mutation assay (Ames assay). All the positive reverse mutations occurred in the absence of the S9 liver extract system for both chemicals. From BP, positive mutation effects on the TA102 strain at doses of 0.05 μg/plate and 0.5 μg/plate were detected. From BP-1, positive mutation effects on the TA97 strain at doses of 0.05 μg/plate and 0.5 μg/plate, and on the TA100 strain at a dose of 0.5 μg/plate, were detected. A mixture of BP and BP-1 exhibited mutagenicity on the TA97 and TA100 strains. For the TA97 strain, the positive mutation results were detected at 10% and 50% of the mixture. For the TA100 strain, the results were detected when the mixture was at 5% and 10%. In the mixture at 5%, the concentrations of BP and BP-1 were 3.5 μg/plate and 14 μg/plate, respectively. In the 10% mixture, the doses of BP and BP-1 were 7 μg/plate and 28 μg/plate, respectively. In the 50% mixture, the doses of BP and BP-1 were 35 μg/plate and 140 μg/plate, respectively. The mixture test results suggested that there was antagonism in mutagenicity between BP and BP-1.

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“…However, in two cases, when S. typhimurium TA1537 was tested in the absence and presence of a metabolic activation system (S9), the MR was found to be ≥ 2 ( Table 6). This could indicate a slight potential for mutagenicity (Pah and Lakhani, 2012;Wang et al, 2018) which was also predicted in silico ( Table 5). In the present study, S9 was derived from rat liver, and notably, previous studies have shown that the outcome of the Ames test may vary according to whether S9 is prepared from rat or human liver extract (Hakura et al, 2005).…”

“…The Ames test was performed as described in Supplementary Material where acceptance criteria for the test results can also be found. To evaluate the test results, the mutagenicity ratio (MR) was calculated and interpreted as in previous studies ( Pah and Lakhani, 2012 ; Wang et al, 2018 ). The MR was calculated as MR = x / x n .…”

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“…The pathogenesis is likely related to the failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the distal hindgut during fetal organogenesis, specifically during weeks 5 to 12. Other studies suggest possible correlations with uterine leiomyoma formation and increased mobility of breast and lung cancer cells ( Alamer and Darbre, 2018 , Pollack et al, 2015 , Phiboonchaiyanan et al, 2017 , Wang et al, 2018 ) (see Table 2 ).…”

Molecular Docking Studies of Phytoconstituents Identified in Traditional Siddha Polyherbal Formulations Against Possible Targets of SARS-CoV-2

“…A compound was labeled Ames positive if it significantly induces the development of the reverting colony in at least one of the five strains. If a compound was positive for the Ames test, it could be a possible mutagen 39 . Ames mutagenicity was conducted in four methods for all of the chosen compounds, and the findings were comparatively analyzed in Table VI.…”