Evaluation for association between urolithiasis and chronic kidney disease in cats

Cléroux, Andréanne; Alexander, Kate; Beauchamp, Guy; Dunn, Marilyn

doi:10.2460/javma.250.7.770

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A positive association between urolithiasis and feline CKD has been reported. 34 This study showed a significantly higher prevalence of CKD among cats with upper urinary tract urolithiasis (33/59 [56%]) than cats without urolithiasis (20/67 [30%]). However, as no causality between urolithiases and CKD was assessed during the study, the authors conclude that it remains unclear whether urolithiasis is a predictive factor for, or a consequence of, CKD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Minimal renal pelvis dilation in cats diagnosed with benign ureteral obstruction by antegrade pyelography: a retrospective study of 82 cases (2012–2018)

Lemieux

Vachon

Beauchamp

et al. 2021

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Objectives The aim of the study was to describe renal pelvis (RP) and ureteral ultrasonographic measurements in a population of cats with confirmed benign ureteral obstruction (UO) by antegrade pyelography. The secondary objective was to further describe clinical findings associated with minimally dilated obstructed kidneys in an attempt to better understand its occurrence. Methods Retrospective case series of cats diagnosed with benign UO were confirmed by antegrade pyelography. Medical records were reviewed and signalment, diagnostic imaging results, serum creatinine (SCr) concentration and urine culture results were recorded. Each obstructed kidney was categorized into two groups: group 1 included all RP measurements ⩽4 mm and group 2 included all RP measurements >4 mm. Results A total of 82 cats with 114 obstructed ureters met the inclusion criteria. Fifty (61%) cats had a unilateral UO and 32 (39%) had a bilateral UO. Thirty (26%) kidneys were included in group 1 while 84 (74%) were included in group 2. Nine (8%) kidneys had an RP dilation ⩽2 mm. Median RP and ureteral diameters were 6.6 mm (range 1.1–37.0 mm) and 3.2 mm (range 0.0–11.0 mm), respectively. RP size correlated positively with ureteral diameter in the study population ( P <0.0001), but not in group 1 when analyzed separately ( P = 0.47). UO was secondary to stones in 80 (70%) ureters. Seventeen (21%) cats had a positive urine culture. At admission, 79 (96%) cats were azotemic with a median preoperative SCr concentration of 444 µmol/l (range 108–1326 μmol/l). The mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) preoperative SCr concentration was significantly higher in group 1 (762 µmol/l [498–1165 μmol/l]) than in group 2 (409 µmol/l [333–502 μmol/l]). RP size in the two groups correlated negatively with preoperative SCr concentration ( P = 0.0002). Conclusions and relevance Feline UO may be associated with minimal RP dilation and the severity of RP and ureteral dilation can be highly variable. Absence of significant RP dilation does not rule out UO in cats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Minimal renal pelvis dilation in cats diagnosed with benign ureteral obstruction by antegrade pyelography: a retrospective study of 82 cases (2012–2018)

Lemieux

Vachon

Beauchamp

et al. 2021

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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“…In the population of cats evaluated, only nine had a kidney failure. The results did not conclude to a positive association between urolithiasis and kidney failure [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Urine specific gravity test and urine pH can help to suggest which type of calculus is present and/or detect the presence of urinary tract infections. Calcium oxalate and struvite uroliths are the most commonly identified uroliths in cats [19,20]. Urinary pH is dependent on the type of food in cats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urolithiasis occurrence in cats depends on the animal's activity, the use or no of a litter box, and the lifestyle (outdoor or indoor) [19]. These conditions motivate the animal to refrain itself, which favors urine stasis and saturation, and increases the risk of formation of stones, or urinary tract infections [20]. Animals affected were those given commercial pet food.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lower urinary tract lithiasis of cats in Algeria: Clinical and epidemiologic features

et al. 2020

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Aim: This study aims to describe the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract and to determine the main risk factors involved in the occurrence of urinary lithiasis in cats in Algeria from 2016 to 2018. Materials and Methods: During the study period, 465 cats were examined and 32 cases of urolithiases were selected and investigated by conducting physical examinations, blood analyses, urinalysis, X-ray radiography, and ultrasonography. Parameters such as breed, age, or sex were studied and reported in a farm return to analyze risk factors involved in the formation of lower urinary urolithiasis. Results: The most clinically relevant symptoms of urolithiasis observed in cats were dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, and stranguria. Urinalysis and blood analysis revealed a significant presence of urinary crystals and acute kidney failure in nine cats. The ultrasonography and radiography confirmed the diagnosis of urolithiasis with the incidence of 43.75% and 31.25%, respectively. The lower urinary tract urolithiasis appeared to be more frequent in European and Siamese cats. In addition, cats aged between 4 and 8 years old were the most affected. Male cats (87.50%) were more affected than female cats. Finally, the lower urinary tract urolithiasis was more frequent in cats consuming the commercial pet food, previously castrated, and confined inside the house. Conclusion: Complete clinical assessments, in addition to complementary examinations, are necessary and beneficial in treating the animal and preventing possible complications. Whether the choice of therapy is surgical or treatment with drugs, it is crucial to understand that the elimination of the stone is not an end, but the beginning of a series of investigations. Because of their impact on both the formation and elimination of metabolites, it has been found that factors, such as race, gender, age, diet, and lifestyle, should be considered as potential risk factors for urolithiasis.

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“…Abdominal ultrasound was performed by boardcertified radiologists or radiol ogy residents and the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis was made based on previously published criteria. 24 Serum samples of 21 clinically normal cats were obtained in order to establish the normal reference inter val (RI) of total serum magnesium concentrations (mean ± SD, 1.87 ± 0.29 mg/dl; range 1.58-2.16 mg/dl), in accordance with the clinical pathology laboratory/ VTHUSP. Healthy cats were recruited based on normal findings from history and physical examination, as well as in the complete blood count and normal serum biochemical profiles.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total serum magnesium in cats with chronic kidney disease with nephrolithiasis

Chacar

Kogika

Ferreira

et al. 2019

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Objectives Magnesium has been ‘the forgotten ion’ for many years. Over the past decade, however, the role of magnesium in essential physiological functions and several illness conditions have been elucidated. Nevertheless, the investigation of magnesium in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrolithiasis is yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CKD cats with nephrolithiasis have changes in total serum magnesium concentrations, and whether magnesium disorders may be associated with other electrolyte disturbances, as well as with prognosis. We also aimed to evaluate whether total serum magnesium concentration differs between CKD cats with and without nephrolithiasis. Methods Total serum magnesium concentrations were assessed in 42 cats with CKD with stage 1–4 nephrolithiasis. The correlation between magnesium and other electrolytes, as well as Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, were performed. We also selected 14 control cats with CKD without nephrolithiasis age-matched with 14 cats with CKD with nephrolithiasis. Results Hypermagnesemia was observed in 16/42 (38.1%) and hypomagnesemia in 6/42 (14.3%) cats. Serum magnesium abnormalities were observed in cats of all stages, and marked hypermagnesemia was noted in cats with stage 4 CKD with nephrolithiasis ( P <0.001). There was a negative correlation between total serum magnesium and ionized calcium ( r = −0.64; P <0.01), and a positive correlation between total serum magnesium and serum phosphorus ( r = 0.58, P = 0.01). Cats with CKD with nephrolithiasis and hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia had higher mortality than those with normal total serum magnesium concentration ( P <0.01), regardless of CKD stage. There was no difference in total serum magnesium concentration between CKD cats with and without nephrolithiasis. Conclusions and relevance Cats with CKD with nephrolithiasis have magnesium abnormalities. Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia were associated with an increase in mortality, and thus total serum magnesium abnormalities may be used as prognostic factors in these cases.

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Evaluation for association between urolithiasis and chronic kidney disease in cats

Cited by 23 publications

References 16 publications

Minimal renal pelvis dilation in cats diagnosed with benign ureteral obstruction by antegrade pyelography: a retrospective study of 82 cases (2012–2018)

Minimal renal pelvis dilation in cats diagnosed with benign ureteral obstruction by antegrade pyelography: a retrospective study of 82 cases (2012–2018)

Lower urinary tract lithiasis of cats in Algeria: Clinical and epidemiologic features

Total serum magnesium in cats with chronic kidney disease with nephrolithiasis

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