Evaluation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and flurothyl locomotor effects following diazepam treatment in mice

Wiley, Jenny L.; Fagaldé, R.Ellis; Bühler, Katriona G.; LaVecchia, Kari L.; Balster, Robert L.

doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00645-1

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Toluene has also been shown to enhance the locomotor activating affects of cocaine or diazepam (Beyer et al, 2001, Wiley et al, 2002), suggesting common neurochemical pathways with other drugs of abuse, probably involving essential dopaminergic systems in the acute and long-term effects of toluene on locomotor activity (Riegel et al, 2003, Riegel, Ali, 2004, Riegel and French, 2002). Further, cross-sensitization has also been demonstrated with cocaine and toluene (Beyer et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of inhaled toluene on locomotor activity in adolescent and adult rats

Batis

Hannigan

Bowen

2010

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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Inhalant abuse is a world-wide public health concern among adolescents. Most preclinical studies have assessed inhalant effects in adult animals leaving unclear how behavioral effects differ in younger animals. We exposed adolescent (postnatal day [PN] 28) and adult (PN90) male rats to toluene using 1 of 3 exposure patterns. These patterns modeled those reported in toluene abuse in teens and varied concentration, number and length of exposures, as well as the inter-exposure interval. Animals were exposed repeatedly over 12 days to toluene concentrations of 0, 8,000 or 16,000 parts per million (ppm). Locomotor activity was quantified during toluene exposures and for 30 min following completion of the final daily toluene exposure. For each exposure pattern, there were significant toluene concentration-related increases and decreases in locomotor activity compared to the 0-ppm "air" controls at both ages. These changes depended upon when activity was measuredduring or following exposure. Compared to adults, adolescents displayed greater locomotor activity on the first day and generally greater increases in activity over days than adults during toluene exposure. Adults displayed greater locomotor activity than adolescents in the "recovery" period following exposure on the first and subsequent days. Age group differences were clearest following the pattern of paced, brief (5-min) repeated binge exposures. The results suggest that locomotor behavior in rats during and following inhalation of high concentrations of toluene depends on age and the pattern of exposure. The results are consistent with dose-dependent shifts in sensitivity and sensitization or tolerance to repeated toluene in the adolescent animals compared to the adult animals. Alternate interpretations are possible and our interpretation is limited by the range of very high concentrations of toluene used. The results imply that both pharmacological and psychosocial factors contribute to the teen prevalence of inhalant abuse.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of inhaled toluene on locomotor activity in adolescent and adult rats

Batis

Hannigan

Bowen

2010

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…Repeated exposure to solvents such as toluene and TCE produces sensitization to the motor increasing effects of these compounds [5], [24]. Interestingly, repeated toluene or TCE exposure also enhances cocaine's or diazepam's motor increasing effects, respectively [3], [64], suggesting a common neurochemical pathway. The second reason for assessment of locomotor activity (vs. other possible dependent measures) was the resulting ability to investigate sensitization, a phenomenon whereby initial drug-induced stimulation of locomotor activity in rodents is enhanced following repeated administration of the abused drug.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…For example, inhaled toluene concentrations similar to those encountered in abuse settings produce a profile of effects in adult rodents that progress from motor excitation at low concentrations (i.e., 500-4,000 ppm) to sedation, motor impairment and anesthesia at higher concentrations of 6,000-15,000 ppm [4], [24], [68]. Biphasic dose-response curves for locomotor activity have also been documented for acute concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE; 500 ppm -14,000 ppm) [8], [4], [60], [64]. Concentrations of these solvents that initially produce only sedation or anesthesia can result in coma and ultimately death by respiratory depression when exposure is prolonged or continuous [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased sensitivity in adolescent vs. adult rats to the locomotor activating effects of toluene

Bowen¹,

Charlesworth²,

Tokarz³

et al. 2007

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Volatile organic solvent (inhalant) abuse continues to be a major health concern throughout the world. Of particular concern is the abuse of inhalants by adolescents because of its toxicity and link to illicit drug use. Toluene, which is found in many products such as glues and household cleaners, is among the most commonly abused organic solvents. While studies have assessed outcomes of exposure to inhalants in adult male animals, there is little research on the neurobehavioral effects of inhalants in female or younger animals. In attempt to address these shortcomings, we exposed male and female Long-Evans rats to 20 min of 0, 2,000, 4,000, or 8,000 parts per million (ppm) inhaled toluene for 10 days in rats aged postnatal (PN) day 28-39 (adolescent), PN44-PN55, or >PN70 (adult). Animals were observed individually in 29-l transparent glass cylindrical jars equipped with standard photocells that were used to measure locomotor activity. Toluene significantly increased activity as compared to air exposure in all groups of male and female rats with the magnitude of locomotor stimulation produced by 4000 ppm toluene being significantly greater for female adults than during any age of adolescence. The results demonstrate that exposure to abuse patterns of high concentrations of toluene through inhalation can alter spontaneous locomotor behavior in rats and that the expression of these effects appears to depend upon the postnatal age of testing and sex of the animal.

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“…Although toluene is perhaps the best behaviorally characterized of the commonly abused inhalants (Bowen et al 2006) it is closely followed in that regard by TCE (Bowen and Balster 1996; 1998; Moser and Balster 1985; 1986; Moser et al, 1985; Wiley et al 2002). Like toluene, numerous deaths have been associated with TCE abuse (Flanagan and Ives 1994; Guberan et al 1976; King et al 1985; Ramsey et al 1989; Troutman, 1988; Winek et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discriminative stimulus effects of inhaled 1,1,1-trichloroethane in mice: comparison to other hydrocarbon vapors and volatile anesthetics

Shelton

2008

Psychopharmacology

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Rationale-Because the toxicity of many inhalants precludes evaluation in humans, drug discrimination, an animal model of subjective effects, can be used to gain insights on their poorly understood abuse-related effects.Objectives-The purpose of the present study was to train a prototypic inhalant that has known abuse liability, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE), as a discriminative stimulus in mice and compare it to other classes of inhalants.Methods-Eight B6SJLF1/J mice were trained to discriminate 10 min of exposure to 12000 ppm inhaled TCE vapor from air and seven mice were trained to discriminate 4000 ppm TCE from air. Tests were then conducted to characterize the discriminative stimulus of TCE and to compare it to representative aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbon vapors, volatile halogenated anesthetics as well as an odorant compound.Results-Only the 12000 ppm TCE versus air discrimination group exhibited sufficient discrimination accuracy for substitution testing. TCE vapor concentration-and exposure timedependently substituted for the 12000 ppm TCE vapor training stimulus. Full substitution was produced by trichloroethylene, toluene, enflurane and sevoflurane. Varying degrees of partial substitution were produced by the other volatile test compounds. The odorant, 2-butanol, did not produce any substitution for TCE.Conclusions-The discriminative stimulus effects of TCE are shared fully or partially by chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons as well as by halogenated volatile anesthetics. However, these compounds can be differentiated from TCE both quantitatively and qualitatively. It appears that the degree of similarity is not solely a function of chemical classification but may also be dependent upon the neurochemical effects of the individual compounds.

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Evaluation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and flurothyl locomotor effects following diazepam treatment in mice

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

Differential effects of inhaled toluene on locomotor activity in adolescent and adult rats

Differential effects of inhaled toluene on locomotor activity in adolescent and adult rats

Decreased sensitivity in adolescent vs. adult rats to the locomotor activating effects of toluene

Discriminative stimulus effects of inhaled 1,1,1-trichloroethane in mice: comparison to other hydrocarbon vapors and volatile anesthetics

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