Evaluation of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Coated with Freeze-Dried Platelet-Rich Plasma for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Three-dimensional printing is one of the most promising techniques for the manufacturing of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. However, a pure scaffold is limited by its biological properties. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been shown to have the potential to improve the osteogenic effect. In this study, we improved the biological properties of scaffolds by coating 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with freeze-dried and traditionally prepared PRP, and we evaluated these scaffolds through in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro, we evaluated the interaction between dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and the scaffolds by measuring cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and osteogenic differentiation. The results showed that freeze-dried PRP significantly enhanced ALP activity and the mRNA expression levels of osteogenic genes (ALP, RUNX2 (runt-related gene-2), OCN (osteocalcin), OPN (osteopontin)) of DPSCs (p < 0.05). In vivo, 5 mm calvarial defects were created, and the PRP-PCL scaffolds were implanted. The data showed that compared with traditional PRP-PCL scaffolds or bare PCL scaffolds, the freeze-dried PRP-PCL scaffolds induced significantly greater bone formation (p < 0.05). All these data suggest that coating 3D-printed PCL scaffolds with freeze-dried PRP can promote greater osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs and induce more bone formation, which may have great potential in future clinical applications.

Modification of 3D printed PCL scaffolds by PVAc and HA to enhance cytocompatibility and osteogenesis

“…The absorbance measurements were performed at a wavelength of 450 nm using a microplate reader. 12,23,[27][28][29][30] In vivo studies Surgical procedure. A total of 15 adult New Zealand white rabbits weighing about 2.5 kg of either gender were obtained from West China Animal Centre of Sichuan University.…”

“…CTAn and CT Vol Realistic 3D Visualization soware packages were used for image processing during CT reconstructions and creation and visualization of the 3D representations. 26,30 Histological staining. The harvested scaffold samples were xed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution and decalcied using Shandon TBD-2 Decalcier for 14 days.…”

“…Longitudinal sections (5 mm in thickness) were cut and deparaffinized, stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E, G1120, Solarbio Life Science Co., Ltd, China) and observed under a light microscope (TE200-U, Nikon, Japan) to investigate the bone formation in the scaffolds and tissue response to the scaffolds at different times following implantation. 26,30 Statistical analysis…”

The use of bioactive factors to enhance bone regeneration: A narrative review

“…While some studies in cranial and mandibular defects showed that the addition of PRP to xenografts, alloplastic materials or scaffolds improved bone formation compared to the use of the grafts/scaffolds alone (Aghaloo, Moy & Freymiller, ; Chen, Lu, Liu, Tang & Zhang, ; El Backly, Zaky, Canciani, Saad & Eweida, ; Hirota, Matsui, Mizuki, Kishi & Watanuki, ; Kim, Kim, Kim, Lim & Kim, ; Li, Chen, Wei, Hao & Wang, ; Penteado, Colombo, Penteado, Assis & Gurgel, ; Schlegel et al., ), other studies did not confirm these findings (DeNicolo, Guyton, Cuenin, Hokett & Sharawy, ; Faratzis, Leventis, Chrysomali, Khaldi & Eleftheriadis, ; Plachokova, Dolder, Stoelinga & Jansen, ; Rocha, Ramos, Batista, Zanetta‐Barbosa & Ferro, ; Wiltfang et al., ) or showed that the use of MSCs in conjunction with bone substitutes could enhance bone regeneration more than PRP (Khojasteh, Eslaminejad & Nazarian, ). It was also shown that adding PRP to GBR (Kazakos, Lyras, Thomaidis, Agrogiannis & Botaitis, ) or to BMP (Ferraz, Schellini, Schellini, Pellizon & Hirai, ) did not accelerate the bone formation process.…”

Scaffolds for 3D Cell Culture and Cellular Agriculture Applications Derived From Non-animal Sources

“…Synthetic or natural animal-free polymers such as cellulose (Huber et al, 2012;Hickey et al, 2018), chitin/chitosan (Jayakumar et al, 2011), alginate (Lee and Mooney, 2012), recombinant silk (Widhe et al, 2010), PLA (Serra et al, 2013), and PCL (Li et al, 2017) provide low cost, consistent and tunable scaffolds. In this concise review we have chosen to focus on chitin/chitosan, cellulose (bacterial and plant), and recombinant collagen and their use in tissue engineering and potential applications in cellular agriculture.…”