Evaluation of a FTIR Emission Measurement System for Legislated Emissions Using a SI Car

Li, Hu; Ropkins, Karl; Andrews, Gordon E.; Daham, Basil; Bell, MC; Tate, James; Hawley, Gary

doi:10.4271/2006-01-3368

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The Horiba pitot static exhaust mass flow measurement system had an exhaust extension added that prevented flow pulsations from entraining air back into the exhaust where sample dilution could occur. This was a problem at idle without the exhaust extension [26,27].…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gas sample was taken downstream of the catalyst at the tailpipe using the Horiba pitot tube exhaust mass flow measurement system and associated mean exhaust gas sampling system [26,27]. The heated sample line was passed through a small hole in the car's floor pan.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The FTIR measurement for regulated emissions was calibrated against standard CVS measurements using engine dynamometer testing [26] and a chassis dynamometer test facility over various driving cycles [27]. It was found that the FTIR measurements had excellent agreement (2% deviation) with the CVS measurement for CO2 emissions.…”

Section: Fuel Flow Rate F = (A + F) / (1 + A/f) (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Real World Driving: Emissions in Highly Congested Traffic

Khalfan¹,

Andrews²,

Li³

2017

SAE Technical Paper Series

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The emissions from vehicles in real world driving are of current concern, as they are often higher than on legislated test cycles and this may explain why air quality in cities has not improved in proportion to the reduction in automotive emissions. This has led to the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) legislation in Europe. RDE involves journeys of about 90km with roughly equal proportion of urban, rural and motorway driving. However, air quality exceedances occur in cities with urban congested traffic driving as the main source of the emissions that deteriorate the air quality. Thus the emissions measured on RDE journeys may not be relevant to air quality in cities. A Temet FTIR and Horiba exhaust mass flow measurement system was used for the mass emissions measurements in a Euro 4 SI vehicle. A 5km urban journey on a very congested road was undertaken 29 times at various times so that different traffic congestion was encountered. Each journey was split into ten sections in order that the location and traffic conditions of the highest emissions could be determined. It was found that low speed stop-start traffic has much higher emissions than for freely moving traffic and most of the higher emissions on the longer 5km journeys occurred in relatively short sections of slow moving stop/start traffic. The journey used passed a roadside air quality monitor that exceeded the EU NO2 and PM standards on an annual basis and it was located by the most congested part of the route, where the traffic emissions are shown in this work to be at their highest.

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Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fuel Flow Rate F = (A + F) / (1 + A/f) (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Real World Driving: Emissions in Highly Congested Traffic

Khalfan¹,

Andrews²,

Li³

2017

SAE Technical Paper Series

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“…The FTIR measurement for regulated emissions was calibrated against standard CVS measurement by authors using a chassis dynamometer facility and various driving cycles [18]. It was found that the FTIR measurement had excellent agreement (2% deviation) with the CVS measurement for CO2 emissions.…”

Section: Ftirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Tailpipe Emissions from a SI Car under Real World Driving Conditions

Khalfan

Andrews

2014

SAE Int. J. Engines

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The tailpipe exhaust emissions were measured using a EURO4 emissions compliant SI car equipped with on-board measurement systems such as a FTIR system for gaseous emission, a differential GPS for velocity, altitude and position, thermal couples for temperatures, and a MAX fuel meter for transient fuel consumption. Various nitrogen species emissions (NO, NO2, NOx, NH3, HCN and N2O) were measured at 0.5 Hz. The tests were designed and employed using two real world driving cycles/routes representing a typical urban road network located in a densely populated area and main crowded road. Journeys at various times of the day were conducted to investigate traffic conditions impacts such as traffic and pedestrian lights, road congestion, grade and turning on emissions, engine thermal efficiency and fuel consumption. The time aligned vehicle moving parameters with Nitrogen pollutant emission data and fuel consumption enabled the micro-analysis of correlations between these parameters. The average data for journeys such as thermal efficiency, emissions and fuel consumption were determined. Traffic events and vehicle transient movements' impact on emissions were studied. Engine power output has been calculated by using vehicle specific power (VSP). The analysis result of tailpipe emissions and their relation to real world driving profile improved understanding of urban area nitrogen compound emissions, which will be useful for controlling of urban air quality.

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“…The total hydrocarbon (THC) emission measurement was the sum of 38 selected hydrocarbon species that was calibrated by the manufacturer from 0~500 ppm individually (methane was calibrated to 1000 ppm) [27]. The FTIR measurement for regulated emissions was calibrated against standard CVS measurements by the authors using a chassis dynamometer facility and various driving cycles [28]. It was found that the FTIR measurement had excellent agreement with the CVS measurement for legislated emissions.…”

Section: Exhaust Sampling Systems Gaseous Emission Sampling Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions from a HGV Using Used Cooking Oil as a Fuel under Real World Driving Conditions

Hadavi

Dizayi

et al. 2015

SAE Technical Paper Series

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To maximize CO2 reduction, refined straight used cooking oils were used as a fuel in Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) in this research. The fuel is called C2G Ultra Biofuel (C2G: Convert to Green Ltd) and is a fully renewable fuel made as a diesel replacement from processed used cooking oil, used directly in diesel engines specifically modified for this purpose. This is part of a large demonstration project involving ten 44-tonne trucks using C2G Ultra Biofuel as a fuel to partially replace standard diesel fuels. A dual fuel tank containing both diesel and C2G Ultra Biofuel and an on-board fuel blending system-Bioltec system was installed on each vehicle, which is able to heat the C2G Ultra Biofuel and automatically determine the required blending ratio of diesel and C2G Ultra Biofuel according to fuel temperature and engine load. The engine was started with diesel and then switched to C2G Ultra Biofuel under appropriate conditions. Exhaust emissions were measured using PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement Systems) on one of the trucks under real world driving conditions. Comparisons of emissions between neat diesel mode and blended fuel mode were made. The results show that C2G Ultra Biofuel can reduce particulate matter (PM) and CO emissions significantly compared to the use of pure diesel.

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Evaluation of a FTIR Emission Measurement System for Legislated Emissions Using a SI Car

Cited by 27 publications

References 5 publications

Real World Driving: Emissions in Highly Congested Traffic

Real World Driving: Emissions in Highly Congested Traffic

Speciation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Tailpipe Emissions from a SI Car under Real World Driving Conditions

Emissions from a HGV Using Used Cooking Oil as a Fuel under Real World Driving Conditions

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