Evaluation of a platinum leasing program for fuel cell vehicles

Kromer, Matthew; Joseck, Fred; Rhodes, Todd; Guernsey, Matthew; Marcinkoski, Jason

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.052

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Concepts discussed in current research projects include producer-led schemes, such as a reclaimable deposit or lease program for fuel cells, a platinum lease program, in which ownership of the contained platinum remains with the (possibly governmental) lessor throughout the fuel cell vehicle's life cycle, and vertical integration of collection, dismantling and recovery businesses, which would lead to an increase in recycling efficiency by reducing the number of actors involved [37][38][39][40][41].…”

Section: Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the stack's high platinum concentration and the associated monetary value, manual removal is not only economically feasible but also less labour-intensive than the disassembly of exhaust gas catalysts, of which 4% fail to be removed prior to shredding [37]. Since the stack can be removed and transported intact, dust losses as described, for example, for exhaust gas catalysts are also considered insignificant [41]. It is, however, uncertain in how far fuel cell stacks of future FCV will be accessible and removable by independent workshops and ELV dismantlers.…”

Section: Dismantlingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further difficulties in disassembly and pre-processing arise when it is assumed that in the future, specialised recycling facilities will handle a range of different types of fuel cells from different fields of application, as proposed by [41,44,47].…”

Section: Disassemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use phase loss 0.67% [41,75] As evident from the preceding chapter, exact figures for platinum losses arising from deficits in the respective steps of the recycling chain cannot be given before real-world experience with a recycling system for fuel cells is gained. In order to capture a range of possible developments, two recycling scenarios with diverging assumptions, as listed in Table 5, were developed using information gained during the preceding qualitative analysis of the recycling chain.…”

Section: System Boundaries and Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges in Automotive Fuel Cells Recycling

2016

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Fuel cell driven cars belong to the 'zero emission' vehicles and should contribute to lower CO 2 emissions. However, they contain platinum, which is known as a critical material in the European Union. This study investigated the potential contribution of recycling fuel cell vehicles (FCV) to satisfy the platinum demand arising from a widespread deployment of fuel cell vehicles in Europe. Based on a qualitative examination of the four consecutive steps in the recycling chain (collection, dismantling, disassembly and pre-processing, material recovery) of fuel cell vehicles, two recycling scenarios were developed. Using dynamic material flow analysis, these two recycling scenarios were applied to two scenarios for the market penetration of fuel cell vehicles in nine European lead markets to deliver both the associated impact on platinum demand and the contribution of recycling for meeting this demand. The diffusion of FCV in Europe will not cause a depletion of platinum resources in the short term, as the calculated 537.06 t and 459.24 t in cumulative platinum requirements are far below the currently estimated global reserves. However, concerns regarding the future development of platinum supply and demand remain.

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Section: Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dismantlingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disassemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: System Boundaries and Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges in Automotive Fuel Cells Recycling

2016

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“…Important examples have been: neodymium and dysprosium for permanent magnets used in wind turbines and electric vehicles [22][23][24][25]; platinum group metals (PGMs) with particular reference to fuel cell technology [23,[26][27][28][29][30][31]; photo-active materials for thin-film solar cells (cadmium, tellurium, selenium, gallium, indium) [32][33][34][35][36][37][38]; lithium for batteries in electric vehicles [39][40][41][42][43]; rare earth elements (REE) (rare earth elements typically include 17 elements, scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanide series. In the case of this study, the REE of interest are neodymium, dysprosium and yttrium.…”

Section: Critical Minerals and Unconventional Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Minerals and Energy–Impacts and Limitations of Moving to Unconventional Resources

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The nexus of minerals and energy becomes ever more important as the economic growth and development of countries in the global South accelerates and the needs of new energy technologies expand, while at the same time various important minerals are declining in grade and available reserves from conventional mining. Unconventional resources in the form of deep ocean deposits and urban ores are being widely examined, although exploitation is still limited. This paper examines some of the implications of the transition towards cleaner energy futures in parallel with the shifts through conventional ore decline and the uptake of unconventional mineral resources. Three energy scenarios, each with three levels of uptake of renewable energy, are assessed for the potential of critical minerals to restrict growth under 12 alternative mineral supply patterns. Under steady material intensities per unit of capacity, the study indicates that selenium, indium and tellurium could be barriers in the expansion of thin-film photovoltaics, while neodymium and dysprosium may delay the propagation of wind power. For fuel cells, no restrictions are observed.

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