Evaluation of a postexposure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals in Texas: 2000–2009

Wilson, Pamela J.; Oertli, Ernest H.; Hunt, P.; Sidwa, Thomas J.

doi:10.2460/javma.237.12.1395

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…RABV is capable of immune subterfuge via decreasing or delaying the immune response or evading the immune system completely (27,28). Previous studies have demonstrated that the ability to avert the immune system is not equivalent among RABV variants (4,6,8,9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility and Pathogenesis of Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) to Heterologous and Homologous Rabies Viruses

Davis

Jarvis

Pouliott

et al. 2013

J Virol

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bRabies virus (RABV) maintenance in bats is not well understood. Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), and Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) are the most common bats species in the United States. These colonial bat species also have the most frequent contact with humans and domestic animals. However, the silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) RABV is associated with the majority of human rabies virus infections in the United States and Canada. This is of interest because silver-haired bats are more solitary bats with infrequent human interaction. Our goal was to determine the likelihood of a colonial bat species becoming infected with and transmitting a heterologous RABV. To ascertain the potential of heterologous RABV infection in colonial bat species, little brown bats were inoculated with a homologous RABV or one of two heterologous RABVs. Additionally, to determine if the route of exposure influenced the disease process, bats were inoculated either intramuscularly (i.m.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) with a homologous or heterologous RABV. Our results demonstrate that intramuscular inoculation results in a more rapid progression of disease onset, whereas the incubation time in bats inoculated s.c. is significantly longer. Additionally, cross protection was not consistently achieved in bats previously inoculated with a heterologous RABV following a challenge with a homologous RABV 6 months later. Finally, bats that developed rabies following s.c. inoculation were significantly more likely to shed virus in their saliva and demonstrated increased viral dissemination. In summary, bats inoculated via the s.c. route are more likely to shed virus, thus increasing the likelihood of transmission. Lyssavirus infections have been reported in numerous species of terrestrial and flying mammals (1, 2). Several regions of enzootic rabies virus (RABV) activity occur in raccoon, skunk, and fox populations within the continental United States. These enzootic foci are generally limited to homologous infections; e.g., raccoons are infected with a raccoon rabies virus variant (2). Despite less geographical isolation, chiropteran RABVs are also typically limited to their host species (3). However, RABV spillover into heterologous hosts does occur and has been implicated in the origin of raccoon-and skunk-adapted RABVs (4).Two of the most common species of bats in the continental Unites States are the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) and the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) (5). These highly colonial species are adapted to living in both urban and rural areas. On the basis of data from public health rabies laboratories, big brown bats and little brown bats are the bat species most commonly submitted for rabies testing. The large number of submissions stems from human or domestic animal exposure (6). Despite frequent interaction, only three human rabies cases acquired in the United States have been associated with the little brown bat or big brown bat RABV since 1990 (Fox News)...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility and Pathogenesis of Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) to Heterologous and Homologous Rabies Viruses

Davis

Jarvis

Pouliott

et al. 2013

J Virol

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“…Thus, the optimal dosage of SYN023 will be a balance between extending ideal neutralizing capacities to multiple lyssaviruses while minimizing vaccine interference concomitantly during human PEP. In addition, although all domestic species at risk should receive pre-exposure vaccination, based upon the considerable protection demonstrated in a highly relevant animal model, the use of MAbs for prophylaxis in veterinary medicine for management of the naïve individual should be further explored within a One Health context [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Efficacy of SYN023, an Anti-Rabies Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail, in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Animal Models

Chao¹,

Zhang

Chen³

et al. 2020

TropicalMed

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Rabies immune globulin (RIG) is an indispensable component of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) because it provides passive immunity to prevent this otherwise inescapably fatal disease in Category III exposed patients. Even with decades of development, RIG products are still criticized for their high cost, lot-to-lot variation, and potential safety issues. They remain largely unattainable in most developing regions of the world, where demand is highest. In recent years, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have become widely accepted as safer and more cost-effective alternatives to RIG products. As an example, SYN023 is a 1:1 cocktail of two humanized anti-rabies MAbs previously shown to display extensive neutralizing capabilities. Here, we further assessed the efficacy of SYN023 in animal models of rabies, and found that SYN023 afforded protection equal to a standard dose of human RIG (HRIG) at 0.03 mg/kg in Syrian hamsters and 0.1 mg/kg in beagles. Potential interference with vaccine-induced immunity was analyzed for the MAbs at these concentrations. While individual MAbs did not interfere with vaccine response, SYN023 at dosages of 0.1 mg/kg and above resulted in reduced neutralizing antibody titers similar to HRIG. Thus, the in vivo characterization of SYN023 supports its utility in human rabies PEP as an efficacious alternative to RIG products.

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“…Post‐exposure vaccination of domestic animals with rabies vaccine during the preclinical period may prevent the development of clinical disease by preventing local viral replication and neuronal transmission. In the USA between 2000 and 2009, 1014 animals received PEP against RABV, without any failures recorded …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical review of two fatal equine cases of infection with the insectivorous bat strain ofAustralian bat lyssavirus

Annand

Reid²

2014

Aust Veterinary J

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Case series The first two confirmed cases of Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) infection in horses are presented. Both cases occurred in the same week in May 2013 in paddock mates in south‐east Queensland. Australia has been one of only a few countries considered free from rabies‐like viruses in domestic animal species. ABLV infection had previously only been confirmed in bats and humans. All three confirmed human cases were fatal, the latest in February 2013. An additional human case of possible abortive infection in 1996 has also been reported. Both equine cases reported here resulted in euthanasia. The risks of infection across other mammalian species are still to be determined. Conclusions These two equine cases highlight that ABLV should be considered as a differential diagnosis in animals with similar clinical presentations in Australia. There is a need for greater awareness regarding the zoonotic risk, use of personal protective equipment, pre‐ and post‐exposure prophylactic measures and laboratory diagnostic options. The authors recommend ABLV testing for all Australian cases of progressive equine neurological disease.

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Evaluation of a postexposure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals in Texas: 2000–2009

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Susceptibility and Pathogenesis of Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) to Heterologous and Homologous Rabies Viruses

Susceptibility and Pathogenesis of Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) to Heterologous and Homologous Rabies Viruses

In Vivo Efficacy of SYN023, an Anti-Rabies Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail, in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Animal Models

Clinical review of two fatal equine cases of infection with the insectivorous bat strain ofAustralian bat lyssavirus

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