Evaluation of a Real-Time Monitor for Fine Particle-Bound PAH in Air

Wilson, Nancy K.; Barbour, Ruth K.; Chuang, Jane C.; Mukund, R.

doi:10.1080/10406639408015168

Cited by 36 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The PAS 2000CE measures PAHs adsorbed onto (generally carbonaceous ) particles, which captures PAHs of greater than three rings and particles up to approximately 1 m in diameter. The continuous measurement methodology has been found to correlate well with conventional integrated measurement techniques ( Wilson et al, 1994 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in indoor and outdoor microenvironments in Boston, Massachusetts

Levy

Dumyahn

Spengler

2002

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

116

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Estimating personal exposures to air pollution is a crucial component in identifying high -risk populations and determining efficient control strategies. Because of the difficulty of comprehensively measuring personal exposure, data on air pollution patterns in homogenous microenvironments linked with activity data are often used as surrogates. In this study, we focus on strengthening the available information about nonresidential microenvironmental exposures to particulate matter and other combustion pollutants. During the summer of 2000, we measured ultrafine particles, fine particulate matter ( PM 2.5 ), and particlebound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) outdoors and in indoor microenvironments in Boston, Massachusetts. In indoor microenvironments averaged across sample days, mean ultrafine particle concentrations ranged from 3800 to 140,000 particles / cm 3 , with 7 -200 g / m 3 of PM 2.5 and 5 -12 ng / m 3 of particle -bound PAH. PM 2.5 indoor -outdoor ratios generally exceeded 1 in settings with high levels of human activity, with lower ratios for ultrafine particles. Cooking activities contributed significantly to elevated levels of all three pollutants. Using Linear Mixed Effects models with AR -1 autoregressive correlation structures, 10 -min average outdoor concentrations were generally weak predictors of indoor levels, with stronger relationships in an apartment without mechanical ventilation than in air -conditioned nonresidential settings. Although further study would be needed to determine whether these patterns could be generalized beyond the monitored sites, these data support previous findings and enhance our knowledge about nonresidential exposure patterns.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in indoor and outdoor microenvironments in Boston, Massachusetts

Levy

Dumyahn

Spengler

2002

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

116

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“…In all experiments, we measured aerosol surface properties using four pairs of a photoelectric aerosol sensor and a diffusion charger (PAS 2000 CE and DC 2000 CE, EcoChem), which quantify particulate PAHs (13)(14)(15) and aerosol active surface area (16), respectively. Aerosol active surface area affects condensation on particles, heterogeneous chemistry (e.g., reaction of gaseous species with particulate PAHs), and particle deposition (17).…”

Section: Aerosol Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicle Traffic as a Source of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Marr

Grogan

Wöhrnschimmel

et al. 2004

Environ. Sci. Technol.

114

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Surface properties of aerosols in the Mexico City metropolitan area have been measured in a variety of exposure scenarios related to vehicle emissions in 2002, using continuous, real-time instruments. The objective of these experiments is to describe ambient and occupational particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations associated with vehicular traffic and facilities using diesel vehicles. Median total particulate PAH concentrations along Mexico City's roadways range from 60 to 910 ng m −3 , averaged over a minimum of 1 h. These levels are approximately 5 times higher than concentrations measured in the United States and among the highest measured ambient values reported in the literature. The ratio of particulate PAH concentration to aerosol active surface area is much higher along roadways and in other areas of fresh vehicle emissions, compared to ratios measured at sites influenced more by aged emissions or noncombustion sources. For particles freshly emitted by vehicles, PAH and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations are correlated because they both originate during the combustion process. Comparison of PAH versus EC and active surface area concentrations at different locations suggests that surface PAH concentrations may diminish with particle aging. These results indicate that exposure to vehicle-related PAH emissions on Mexico City's roadways may present an important public health risk.

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“…The average PAH monitor Ž . response in picoamperes pA for each home was converted to an average PAH concentration in ngrm 3 by using the conversion factor of 1000 ngrm 3 rpA estab-Ž lished by previous studies Wilson et al, 1994;Mukund et . al., 1997 .…”

Section: Concentration Profiles Of Pah and Hydroxy-pahmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families1

Chuang

Callahan

Lyu

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

163

120

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Ž. Children in low-income families may have high exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAH . Such exposures could result from household proximity to heavy traffic or industrial sources, environmental tobacco smoke, contaminated house dust or soil, among others. The objectives of this study were: to establish methods for measuring total PAH exposure of children in low-income families, to estimate the PAH exposures of these children, and to estimate the relative importance of the environmental pathways for PAH exposure. Analytical methods to determine PAH in air, dust, soil, and food and to determine hydroxy-PAH in urine samples were evaluated and validated. A two-home pilot study was conducted in downtown Durham, North Carolina Ž . NC during February 1994. One smoker's and one nonsmoker's household, which had preschool children and income at or below the official U.S. poverty level, participated. A nine-home winter and a nine-home summer study were conducted in Durham and the NC Piedmont area during February 1995 and August 1995, respectively. A summer study in four smokers' homes was also conducted. In each of these studies, multimedia samples were collected and analyzed for PAH or hydroxy-PAH. Summary statistics, Pearson correlations, and analysis of variance were performed on the combined data from these four field studies. An effective screening method was established for recruiting low-income families. The field protocol involved measurements of three homes in 2-day periods. This protocol should be suitable for large-scale studies. The results showed that indoor PAH levels were generally higher than outdoor PAH levels. Higher indoor PAH levels were observed in the smokers' homes compared to nonsmokers' homes. Higher outdoor PAH levels were found in inner city as opposed to rural areas. The relative concentration trend for PAH in dust and soil was: house dust ) entryway dust ) pathway soil. The PAH concentrations in adults' food samples were generally higher than those in children's food samples. Children's potential daily doses of PAH were higher than those of adults in the same household, when intakes were normalized to body weights. Inhalation is an important pathway for children's exposure to total PAH because of the high levels of naphthalene present in both indoor and outdoor air. Dietary ingestion and nondietary ingestion Ž pathways became more important for children's exposure to the B2 PAH ranked as probable human carcinogens, B2 by the U.S. EPA's Integrated Risk . System , most of which are of low volatility. The analysis of variance results showed that inner city participants had higher total exposure to B2 PAH than did rural participants.

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Evaluation of a Real-Time Monitor for Fine Particle-Bound PAH in Air

Cited by 36 publications

References 11 publications

Particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in indoor and outdoor microenvironments in Boston, Massachusetts

Particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in indoor and outdoor microenvironments in Boston, Massachusetts

Vehicle Traffic as a Source of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families1

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