Evaluation of Age Patterns of COVID-19 Mortality by Race and Ethnicity From March 2020 to October 2021 in the US

Elo, Irma T.; Luck, Anneliese N.; Stokes, Andrew; Hempstead, Katherine; Xie, Wubin; Preston, Samuel H.

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12686

Cited by 36 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Recent evidence shows that in 2021 life expectancy continued to decrease in the United States, with an estimated further drop of 0.3 mo on top of 2020 losses ( 5 ). Relative to 2020, 2021 was also characterized by a shift to younger ages at death for COVID-19 for all racial/ethnic groups ( 61 , 62 ). Racial/ethnic disparities in life-expectancy reductions due to COVID-19 persisted but were smaller than in 2020, with Black and Hispanic people experiencing reductions 1.3–1.9 times those of White people.…”

Section: Outlook and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on race/ethnic differences in US mortality

Aburto

Tilstra

Floridi

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic triggered global declines in life expectancy. The United States was hit particularly hard among high-income countries. Early data from the United States showed that these losses varied greatly by race/ethnicity in 2020, with Hispanic and Black Americans suffering much larger losses in life expectancy compared with White people. We add to this research by examining trends in lifespan inequality, average years of life lost, and the contribution of specific causes of death and ages to race/ethnic life-expectancy disparities in the United States from 2010 to 2020. We find that life expectancy in 2020 fell more for Hispanic and Black males (4.5 and 3.6 y, respectively) compared with White males (1.5 y). These drops nearly eliminated the previous life-expectancy advantage for the Hispanic compared with the White population, while dramatically increasing the already large gap in life expectancy between Black and White people. While the drops in life expectancy for the Hispanic population were largely attributable to official COVID-19 deaths, Black Americans saw increases in cardiovascular diseases and “deaths of despair” over this period. In 2020, lifespan inequality increased slightly for Hispanic and White populations but decreased for Black people, reflecting the younger age pattern of COVID-19 deaths for Hispanic people. Overall, the mortality burden of the COVID-19 pandemic hit race/ethnic minorities particularly hard in the United States, underscoring the importance of the social determinants of health during a public health crisis.

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Section: Outlook and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on race/ethnic differences in US mortality

Aburto

Tilstra

Floridi

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…We report that patients with sarcoma have an overall high risk of developing severe COVID-19 and a higher risk of death from COVID-19 than is reported in the general population [ 16 ]. Patients with STS had higher COVID-19 severity than patients with GIST and more classically indolent histologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographics, Outcomes, and Risk Factors for Patients with Sarcoma and COVID-19: A CCC19-Registry Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Wagner

Hennessy

Beeghly

et al. 2022

Cancers

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Background: Patients with sarcoma often require individualized treatment strategies and are likely to receive aggressive immunosuppressive therapies, which may place them at higher risk for severe COVID-19. We aimed to describe demographics, risk factors, and outcomes for patients with sarcoma and COVID-19. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with sarcoma and COVID-19 reported to the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) registry (NCT04354701) from 17 March 2020 to 30 September 2021. Demographics, sarcoma histologic type, treatments, and COVID-19 outcomes were analyzed. Results: of 281 patients, 49% (n = 139) were hospitalized, 33% (n = 93) received supplemental oxygen, 11% (n = 31) were admitted to the ICU, and 6% (n = 16) received mechanical ventilation. A total of 23 (8%) died within 30 days of COVID-19 diagnosis and 44 (16%) died overall at the time of analysis. When evaluated by sarcoma subtype, patients with bone sarcoma and COVID-19 had a higher mortality rate than patients from a matched SEER cohort (13.5% vs 4.4%). Older age, poor performance status, recent systemic anti-cancer therapy, and lung metastases all contributed to higher COVID-19 severity. Conclusions: Patients with sarcoma have high rates of severe COVID-19 and those with bone sarcoma may have the greatest risk of death.

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“…This pattern contrasts with the decline in life expectancy at birth in 2021 and is consistent with the shifting distribution of COVID-19 deaths toward younger ages in 2021 (Fig 1). The younger age distribution of COVID-19 deaths is largely a consequence of the steady increase in the prevalence of vaccination by age, with high levels achieved for the elderly (over 85% of the 65 and over population fully vaccinated by the end of 2021), in contrast to lower coverage among younger adults (approximately 63% of adults aged 25-39 fully vaccinated by the end of 2021) (4,7). High vaccination rates among nursing home residents, who are particularly vulnerable to adverse COVID-19 outcomes, paired with stricter infection protocols, also helped reduce the mortality impact of COVID-19 on older adults in 2021 (23,24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several highly effective vaccines have indeed been developed in record time, but relatively low vaccine coverage in the US, combined with the highly transmissible Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2, have led to additional mortality surges, and, by the end of 2021, the total number of COVID-19 deaths had exceeded the 2020 total by 30% (4)(5)(6). These sobering numbers combined with the younger age distribution of deaths in 2021 (7) (see Fig 1) -resulting partly from higher vaccination rates among older individuals -indicate that life expectancy in 2021 may be even lower than that in the preceding year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reductions in US life expectancy during the COVID-19 pandemic by race and ethnicity: Is 2021 a repetition of 2020?

Andrasfay

Goldman

2021

Preprint

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COVID-19 had a huge mortality impact in the US in 2020 and accounted for the majority of the 1.5-year reduction in 2020 life expectancy at birth. There were also substantial racial/ethnic disparities in the mortality impact of COVID-19 in 2020, with the Black and Latino populations experiencing reductions in life expectancy at birth over twice the reduction experienced by the White population. Despite continued vulnerability of the Black and Latino populations, the hope was that widespread distribution of effective vaccines would mitigate the overall impact and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in 2021. In this study, we use cause-deleted life table methods to estimate the impact of COVID-19 mortality on 2021 US period life expectancy. Our partial-year estimates, based on provisional COVID-19 deaths for January-early October 2021 suggest that racial/ethnic disparities have persisted and that life expectancy at birth in 2021 has already declined by 1.2 years from pre-pandemic levels. Our projected full-year estimates, based on projections of COVID-19 deaths through the end of 2021 from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, suggest a 1.8-year reduction in US life expectancy at birth from pre-pandemic levels, a steeper decline than the estimates produced for 2020. The reductions in life expectancy at birth estimated for the Black and Latino populations are 1.6-2.4 times the impact for the White population.

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Evaluation of Age Patterns of COVID-19 Mortality by Race and Ethnicity From March 2020 to October 2021 in the US

Cited by 36 publications

References 4 publications

Significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on race/ethnic differences in US mortality

Significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on race/ethnic differences in US mortality

Demographics, Outcomes, and Risk Factors for Patients with Sarcoma and COVID-19: A CCC19-Registry Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Reductions in US life expectancy during the COVID-19 pandemic by race and ethnicity: Is 2021 a repetition of 2020?

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