Evaluation of an Air Quality Health Index for Predicting the Mutagenicity of Simulated Atmospheres

Zavala, Jose; Krug, Jonathan; Warren, Sarah H.; Krantz, Q. Todd; King, Charly; McKee, J.; Gavett, Stephen H.; Lewandowski, Michael; Lonneman, William A.; Kleindienst, Tadeusz E.; Meier, Matthew J.; Higuchi, Mark; Gilmour, M. Ian; DeMarini, David M.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00613

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Moreover, we generated fresh burn pit smoke and only tested the toxicity of PM-enriched condensates, but in reality, the freshly emitted smoke may react in the atmosphere through oxidative and photochemical reactions to produce secondary products (aged burn pit smoke), which are more reactive due to generation of oxidative species and other gas and particle phase atmospheric transformation products. For example, we have shown that the simulated production of atmospheric transformation products from various VOCs are more toxic and mutagenic than parent compounds [ 72 , 73 ]. Thus, real-world exposures to burn pit smoke could induce higher lung toxicity than reported here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry, lung toxicity and mutagenicity of burn pit smoke-related particulate matter

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Open burning of anthropogenic sources can release hazardous emissions and has been associated with increased prevalence of cardiopulmonary health outcomes. Exposure to smoke emitted from burn pits in military bases has been linked with respiratory illness among military and civilian personnel returning from war zones. Although the composition of the materials being burned is well studied, the resulting chemistry and potential toxicity of the emissions are not. Methods Smoke emission condensates from either flaming or smoldering combustion of five different types of burn pit-related waste: cardboard; plywood; plastic; mixture; and mixture/diesel, were obtained from a laboratory-scale furnace coupled to a multistage cryotrap system. The primary emissions and smoke condensates were analyzed for a standardized suite of chemical species, and the condensates were studied for pulmonary toxicity in female CD-1 mice and mutagenic activity in Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay using the frameshift strain TA98 and the base-substitution strain TA100 with and without metabolic activation (S9 from rat liver). Results Most of the particles in the smoke emitted from flaming and smoldering combustion were less than 2.5 µm in diameter. Burning of plastic containing wastes (plastic, mixture, or mixture/diesel) emitted larger amounts of particulate matter (PM) compared to other types of waste. On an equal mass basis, the smoke PM from flaming combustion of plastic containing wastes caused more inflammation and lung injury and was more mutagenic than other samples, and the biological responses were associated with elevated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels. Conclusions This study suggests that adverse health effects of burn pit smoke exposure vary depending on waste type and combustion temperature; however, burning plastic at high temperature was the most significant contributor to the toxicity outcomes. These findings will provide a better understanding of the complex chemical and combustion temperature factors that determine toxicity of burn pit smoke and its potential health risks at military bases.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry, lung toxicity and mutagenicity of burn pit smoke-related particulate matter

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In a recent study, Health Canada's Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) was evaluated for predicting the mutagenicity of smog atmospheres (Zavala et al 2018). The AQHI is a nothreshold index developed to assess adverse health risks of acute pulmonary exposures at ambient concentrations based upon the combination of PM 2.5 , O 3 , and NO 2 concentrations measured (Stieb et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation: photochemically altered versus freshly emitted in mice

Tong

Zavala

McIntosh-Kastrinsky

et al. 2019

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study was designed to compare the cardiovascular effects of inhaled photochemically-altered diesel exhaust (aged DE) to freshly-emitted DE (fresh DE) in female C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were exposed to either fresh DE, aged DE, or filtered air (FA) for 4 hr using an environmental irradiation chamber. Cardiac responses were assessed 8 hr after exposure utilizing Langendorff preparation with a protocol consisting of 20 min of perfusion and 20 min of ischemia followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. Cardiac function was measured by indices of left-ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and contractility (dP/dt) prior to ischemia. Recovery of post-ischemic LVDP was examined on reperfusion following ischemia. Fresh DE contained 460 μg/m 3 of particulate matter (PM), 0.29 ppm of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and no ozone (O 3), while aged DE consisted of 330 μg/m 3 of PM, 0.23 ppm O 3 and no NO 2. Fresh DE significantly decreased LVDP, dP/dt max , and dP/dt min compared to FA. Aged DE also significantly reduced LVDP and dP/dt max. Data demonstrated that acute inhalation to either fresh or aged DE lowered LVDP and dP/dt, with a greater fall noted with fresh DE, suggesting that the composition of DE may play a key role in DEinduced adverse cardiovascular effects in female C57Bl/6 mice.

show abstract

“…6 In fact, it is so inert that it has been used in the actual genotoxicity protocols or test methodologies, for example, PTFE used in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity testing of the EPA Mobile Reaction Chamber. 10 Many other similar examples are available given that PTFE coated stirring rods are a common lab equipment.…”

Section: Review Of Biological Safety Of Ptfementioning

confidence: 99%

Polytetrafluoroethylene Ingestion as a Way to Increase Food Volume and Hence Satiety Without Increasing Calorie Content

Naftalovich

Greenway

2016

J Diabetes Sci Technol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since satiety is largely due to stretch of the stomach and people tend to eat a consistent weight of food, increasing food volume and mass increases satiety. This can be achieved without increasing the calories of food by mixing food with a material that cannot be metabolized. Such a material should be inert, safe, resistant to stomach acid, lack taste, available in powder form, smooth, resistant to heat, and cost effective. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is an ideal substance for this purpose. It is a soft plastic that is widely considered to be the most inert material known and is extremely stable. Animal feeding trials showed that rats fed a diet of 25% PTFE for 90 days had no signs of toxicity and that the rats lost weight. This article publishes the data from these subchronic animal feeding trials, reviews the relevant available literature, and hypothesizes that increasing the volume of food by mixing the food with PTFE powder at a ratio of 3 parts food to 1 part PTFE by volume will substantially improve satiety and reduce caloric consumption in people.

show abstract

Evaluation of an Air Quality Health Index for Predicting the Mutagenicity of Simulated Atmospheres

Cited by 14 publications

References 48 publications

Chemistry, lung toxicity and mutagenicity of burn pit smoke-related particulate matter

Chemistry, lung toxicity and mutagenicity of burn pit smoke-related particulate matter

Cardiovascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation: photochemically altered versus freshly emitted in mice

Polytetrafluoroethylene Ingestion as a Way to Increase Food Volume and Hence Satiety Without Increasing Calorie Content

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About