Evaluation of an innovative low flow oxygen blender system for global access

Ng, Ellie; Dundek, Michelle; Burke, Thomas F.

doi:10.3389/fped.2022.981821

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This work has yielded significant results for the development of an air–oxygen blender: the determination of oxygen saturation solely from dynamic pressure sensors; whereas previous studies such as [ 19 , 21 , 23 ] have made valuable contributions to the field, they are not without limitations. For instance, ref.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, ref. [ 19 ] is constrained by low-flow limitations and manual adjustment, whereas [ 21 ] faces challenges in handling high pressures and manual

adjustments. Similarly, ref.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study conducted by Ng et al [ 19 ] evaluates a specialized low-flow blender (0.5 to 4.0 L/min) designed for children up to 5 years old, offering safety, efficiency, and affordability. Operating on the Venturi principle, the blender regulates a mixture of pressurized oxygen gas and air through adjustments within the equipment body.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Model of Air–Oxygen Blender for Mechanical Ventilators Using Dynamic Pressure Sensors

Soares,

Fernandes,

Almeida

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Respiratory diseases are among the leading causes of death globally, with the COVID-19 pandemic serving as a prominent example. Issues such as infections affect a large population and, depending on the mode of transmission, can rapidly spread worldwide, impacting thousands of individuals. These diseases manifest in mild and severe forms, with severely affected patients requiring ventilatory support. The air–oxygen blender is a critical component of mechanical ventilators, responsible for mixing air and oxygen in precise proportions to ensure a constant supply. The most commonly used version of this equipment is the analog model, which faces several challenges. These include a lack of precision in adjustments and the inspiratory fraction of oxygen, as well as gas wastage from cylinders as pressure decreases. The research proposes a blender model utilizing only dynamic pressure sensors to calculate oxygen saturation, based on Bernoulli’s equation. The model underwent validation through simulation, revealing a linear relationship between pressures and oxygen saturation up to a mixture outlet pressure of 500 cmH2O. Beyond this value, the relationship begins to exhibit non-linearities. However, these non-linearities can be mitigated through a calibration algorithm that adjusts the mathematical model. This research represents a relevant advancement in the field, addressing the scarcity of work focused on this essential equipment crucial for saving lives.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, ref. [ 19 ] is constrained by low-flow limitations and manual adjustment, whereas [ 21 ] faces challenges in handling high pressures and manual

adjustments. Similarly, ref.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A New Model of Air–Oxygen Blender for Mechanical Ventilators Using Dynamic Pressure Sensors

Soares,

Fernandes,

Almeida

et al. 2024

Sensors

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show abstract

“…Second, our device does not require electricity or purchase of a pre-made device, whereas this study in India required a reliable source of electricity and a specific type of aquarium air pump. In recent years, there have also been other groups, such as PATH and Vayu Global Health Innovations, developing low-cost oxygen blenders designed for bCPAP, which is excellent as these open up options for practitioners in LMICs ( 32 , 33 ). Of note, these devices are usually either 3D-printed or injection molded in the HIC and then transported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The novel LESS (low-cost entrainment syringe system) O2 blender for use in modified bubble CPAP circuits: a clinical study of safety

Wu,

Luch,

Slusher

et al. 2024

Front. Pediatr.

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BackgroundBubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) is used in resource-limited settings for children with respiratory distress. Low-cost modifications of bCPAP use 100% oxygen and may cause morbidity from oxygen toxicity. We sought to test a novel constructible low-cost entrainment syringe system (LESS) oxygen blender with low-cost modified bCPAP in a relevant clinical setting.MethodsWe conducted a clinical trial evaluating safety of the LESS O2 blender among hospitalized children under five years old in rural Cambodia evaluating the rate of clinical failure within one hour of initiation of the LESS O2 blender and monitoring for any other blender-related complications.FindingsThirty-two patients were included. The primary outcome (clinical failure) occurred in one patient (3.1%, 95% CI = 0.1–16.2%). Clinical failure was defined as intubation, death, transfer to another hospital, or two of the following: oxygen saturation <85% after 30 min of treatment; new signs of respiratory distress; or partial pressure of carbon dioxide ≥60 mmHg and pH <7.2 on a capillary blood gas. Secondary outcomes included average generated FiO2's with blender use, which were 59% and 52% when a 5 mm entrainment was used vs. a 10 mm entrainment port with 5–7 cm H2O of CPAP and 1–7 L/min (LPM) of flow; and adverse events including loss of CPAP bubbling (64% of all adverse events), frequency of repair or adjustment (44%), replacement (25%), and median time of respiratory support (44 h).InterpretationOverall the LESS O2 blender was safe for clinical use. The design could be modified for improved performance including less repair needs and improved nasal interface, which requires modification for the blender to function more consistently.

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“…Finally, some models are reducing in relevance in high‐resource settings, such as the hyperoxia model. However, hyperoxia remains an ongoing problem in low‐resource settings, especially with the development of relatively affordable oxygen concentrator technology (Ng et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key roles of glial cells in the encephalopathy of prematurity

Van Steenwinckel,

Bokobza,

Laforge

et al. 2023

Glia

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Across the globe, approximately one in 10 babies are born preterm, that is, before 37 weeks of a typical 40 weeks of gestation. Up to 50% of preterm born infants develop brain injury, encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP), that substantially increases their risk for developing lifelong defects in motor skills and domains of learning, memory, emotional regulation, and cognition. We are still severely limited in our abilities to prevent or predict preterm birth. No longer just the “support cells,” we now clearly understand that during development glia are key for building a healthy brain. Glial dysfunction is a hallmark of EoP, notably, microgliosis, astrogliosis, and oligodendrocyte injury. Our knowledge of glial biology during development is exponentially expanding but hasn't developed sufficiently for development of effective neuroregenerative therapies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge for the roles of glia in infants with EoP and its animal models, and a description of known glial‐cell interactions in the context of EoP, such as the roles for border‐associated macrophages. The field of perinatal medicine is relatively small but has worked passionately to improve our understanding of the etiology of EoP coupled with detailed mechanistic studies of pre‐clinical and human cohorts. A primary finding from this review is that expanding our collaborations with computational biologists, working together to understand the complexity of glial subtypes, glial maturation, and the impacts of EoP in the short and long term will be key to the design of therapies that improve outcomes.

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Evaluation of an innovative low flow oxygen blender system for global access

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

A New Model of Air–Oxygen Blender for Mechanical Ventilators Using Dynamic Pressure Sensors

A New Model of Air–Oxygen Blender for Mechanical Ventilators Using Dynamic Pressure Sensors

The novel LESS (low-cost entrainment syringe system) O2 blender for use in modified bubble CPAP circuits: a clinical study of safety

Key roles of glial cells in the encephalopathy of prematurity

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