Evaluation of anesthesia produced by ketofol in acepromazine- or medetomidine-sedated dogs

Abstract

Objective: A randomized, blinded clinical study was conducted to evaluate ketofol (Ketamine + Propofol combination) anesthesia in 12 entire male mongrel dogs sedated with either acepromazine (ACP) or medetomidine. Materials and Methods: Group A (6) dogs were pre-medicated with ACP and Group B (6) dogs with medetomidine. Anesthesia was induced and maintained using ketofol (ketamine and propofol). Routine open pre-scrotal castration was performed. Sedation score and ease of arousal were assessed and recorded. Duration and depth of anesthesia were evaluated using apnea and the absence of palpebral and pedal reflexes, attempts to stand up, and muscle tremors and post-operative pain. Simple statistics were compared using Student t -test and Mann–Whitney test ( p < 0.05). Results: Medetomidine-sedated dogs had higher sedation scores compared to ACP-sedated dogs. Medetomidine-ketofol produced significantly ( p < 0.05) longer duration of anesthesia (24.5 ± 3.1 min) compared to ACP-ketofol (10.0 ± 4.4 min). Sixty-seven percent of dogs anesthetized with ACP-ketofol required top up with ketofol to complete the castration. However, none of the Med-ketofol anesthetized dogs required top up. Med-ketofol produced a more profound depth of anesthesia and smoother recovery from anesthesia compared to ACP-ketofol. Med-ketofol (median score 6) attained better overall post-operative analgesia compared to ACP-ketofol (median score 7), though not statistically significant ( p = 0.25). Although both protocols provided adequate anesthesia for castration, top up was required to complete the operation in more than half of ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs, making Med-ketofol a better protocol. Conclusion: The study recommends the use of Med-ketofol anesthesia for castration in a dog, and post-operative analgesia to be administered with either protocol, but more so in ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs undergoing castration.

Cardiorespiratory Effects and Desflurane Requirement in Dogs Undergoing Ovariectomy after Administration Maropitant or Methadone

“…A co-induction with propofol and ketamine (Ketofol) [63] after the premedication used in our Maropi group (dexmedetomidine and maropitant) could result in an anesthetic protocol that is also appropriate for somatic surgery, given the somatic analgesic effect of ketamine [64][65][66]. Adding ketamine to propofol and subsequently reducing their doses could greatly reduce the side effects of both agents.…”

Manejo Anestésico de Paciente con Síndrome Respiratorio Braquiocefálico Sometido a Cirugía Correctiva: Estudio de Caso

“…El período de recuperación es la parte más importante del tiempo perianestésico (Wamaitha et al, 2019) se ha informado que las muertes perianestésicas son más altas en el período de recuperación y, a menudo, dentro de las primeras tres horas después de la extubación (Grimes et al, 2019).…”

Ketamine–Propofol Coadministration for Induction and Infusion Maintenance in Anesthetized Dogs: Effects on Electroencephalography and Antinociception

“…In veterinary medicine, researchers have explored the application of ketofol in various animals, including rabbits [11,12], cats [13,14], horses [15] and dogs [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. In dogs, this combination elicits sympathetic stimulation of the cardiovascular system, resulting in an increased heart rate and blood pressure when compared to the use of propofol alone [16][17][18][20][21][22][23].…”

“…In veterinary medicine, researchers have explored the application of ketofol in various animals, including rabbits [11,12], cats [13,14], horses [15] and dogs [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. In dogs, this combination elicits sympathetic stimulation of the cardiovascular system, resulting in an increased heart rate and blood pressure when compared to the use of propofol alone [16][17][18][20][21][22][23]. A study by Henao-Guerrero et al [21] demonstrated that induction with ketofol led to an augmentation in cardiac output, oxygen delivery and heart rate while maintaining mean arterial pressure when compared to pre-induction values.…”