Evaluation of anticancer and antimicrobial activities of the Polygonum maritimum ethanol extract

Abstract

Polygonum maritimum is a traditional herbal remedy that produces abundant flavonoid secondary metabolites. The ethanol extract of P. maritimum aerial parts (POM) was chemically characterized and tested for antimicrobial properties and cytotoxicity. Results of LC-MS/MS analysis showed high contents of gallic acid, epigallocatechin gallate and catechin, and significant amounts of quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercetin-3-O-glucoside. Evaluation of the antifungal properties revealed that POM induced notable growth inhibition of Alternaria alternata (34.3%), Penicillium spp. (30.6%), Fusarium semitectum (20.2%) and Aspergillus spp. (19.6%). Evaluation of cytotoxicity against human hepatoma HepG2 cells included monitoring the effects of both POM alone and its combination with cytostatic doxorubicin (Dox). Cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution and the expression of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide-dismutases SOD1 and SOD2 and catalase) were determined. A dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was detected, but a remarkably stronger effect was obtained when POM and Dox were applied in combination as compared to individual treatments. IC 50 values were determined to be 393 μg/mL (POM) and 2.24 μg/mL (Dox) in combination, but 1153 μg/mL (POM) and 12.56 μg/mL (Dox) in a single treatment. The value of the Loewe index, determined for IC 50 , was notably lower than 1 (LI=0.51), clearly indicating synergism of POM and Dox. Additionally, POM and POM +Dox induced early/late apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, POM increased, while Dox decreased the expression levels of SODs and catalase. The obtained results encourage further examination of the potential use of POM in modern phytotherapy.

In Vitro Study of Two Edible Polygonoideae Plants: Phenolic Profile, Cytotoxicity, and Modulation of Keap1-Nrf2 Gene Expression

“…In this study, we examined in vitro cytotoxic properties of POA and PEA, alone and combined with commercial cytostatic D. Our investigation provided corroborative evidence that POA and PEA extract could potentiate D cytotoxicity in hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. This result is in accordance with our previous findings [28], which demonstrated a synergistic interaction between Polygonum maritimum extract and D in HepG2 cells. Likewise, Ghazali et al [48] demonstrated that herb extracts obtained from Polygonum minus have an antiproliferative effect on HepG2 cells.…”

“…The cytotoxic effects of plant extracts and D, both as single compounds and in a mixture, were assessed by MTT assay, as described by Jovanović et al [28]. HepG2 cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density 2 × 10 4 cells/well and incubated overnight with 5% CO 2 at 37 • C. Further on, the cells were exposed to a series of two-fold dilutions of extracts and D in the ranges 4000-125 µg/mL and 22.8-0.712 µg/mL, respectively.…”

Bioactivity and Sensory Properties of Probiotic Yogurt Fortified with Apple Pomace Flour

“…The cytotoxic effect of supernatants of probiotic yogurts enriched with APF on HCT 116 and SW-620 were tested in parallel with control yogurts without APF and WE (initial stock 100 mg/mL), using an MTT assay as described [26]. The assay was performed after 24 h-long exposure of the cells to diluted supernatants of yogurt with 20% APF and control yogurt as well as diluted WE (50 mg/mL).…”

Anti-Virulence Potential and In Vivo Toxicity of Persicaria maculosa and Bistorta officinalis Extracts

“…Normal human lung fibroblast cells MRC-5 (ECACC 84101801, UK) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin mixture at 37 • C. The cytotoxic effects of the plants' extracts were assessed by an MTT assay as previously described [37]. Briefly, MRC-5 cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 4 × 10 4 cells/well and exposed to a series of twofold dilutions of the extracts (0.25-2 mg/mL) for 24 h. Following incubation, the medium was replaced with one containing MTT in a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, and the cells were incubated for 3 h. Then the medium was removed, the formazan crystals were dissolved in DMSO and the A 570 was measured using an Infinite ® 200 PRO (Tecan Group Ltd., Menndorf, Switzerland).…”