Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Vernonia Amygdalina Leaf Extracts as an Auxiliary in Natural Hair Shampoo

Abstract

Objective: This study evaluated the phytochemical compounds, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leaf extract and used it as an auxiliary herbal constituent in natural hair shampoo.
 Methods: VA leaf was macerated in various solvents. All crude extracts were phytochemical compounds screened and determined the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities before formulating a natural shampoo formula. Natural shampoos were evaluated with physic-chemical properties and sensory satisfaction.
 Results: About 95% ethanolic extract was the most suitable substrate for product development. It reveals the inhibition zone from 7.00±0.00 to 15.00±1.00 mm and possesses a broad spectrum of antibacterial agents against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations value ranged from 6.250 to 100 mg/ml and 25 to >200 mg/ml, respectively. About 95% ethanolic extract also revealed high antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of DPPH of 95% ethanolic extract was 1.88±0.02 μg/ml (% inhibition of 85.73±0.01) and the ferric reducing ability power was 23.00±0.50 mg AAE/100 gDW. These high biological activities may be due to a broad range of phytochemical compounds, including saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids.
 Conclusions: The VA leaf was suitable to use as an ingredient in natural shampoos with a low detrimental effect on normal skin flora. The shampoo with 0.00188% of 95% ethanolic extract was the most suitable formula in terms of characteristics and stability. This formula also obtained the highest satisfaction level under our sensory evaluation.

Modulation of the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production by gac fruit juice and its fermentation in in vitro colonic fermentation

“…Specifically, β-carotene plays a crucial role by promoting the production of SCFAs, fostering greater species diversity, facilitating the proliferation of beneficial bacterial strains like Bacteroides and Akkermansia, and concurrently restraining the growth of Proteobacteria. 28,36 These findings are consistent with the outcomes we observed in FGJ. Furthermore, dietary β-carotene has been shown to have a significant influence on gut barrier integrity and inflammation.…”

“…3,15,27 In addition to the fermentation process carried out by Lactobacilli, which has the potential to diminish pathogenic bacteria, the gac fruit aril has been found to possess antimicrobial properties that are likely to lower the presence of certain coliform bacteria, such as E. coli. 28 Our results showed no difference in coliform counts among GJ, FGJ, and the control groups; however, the abundance of individual species or other groups of pathogenic bacteria may change. Therefore, the microbial composition analysis using gene sequencing was performed to provide clearer insights into the impact of GJ and FGJ on harmful bacteria.…”

“…The higher β-carotene in FGJ promotes Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia, enhancing SCFAs. 28,36 Bacteroides, beyond SCFAs, fosters the growth of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia, contributing to heightened SCFA production. 4 Therefore, our results imply that GJ may function as a prebiotic, offering advantages for intestinal function and related conditions.…”

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Assessment of Pluchea Indica (L.) Less Extract as an Active Ingredient in Natural Lotion Bar

“…The amount of flavonoid in each crude extracts was analyzed by aluminum chloride colorimetric assay in accordance with the previous method [18]. A total of 200 μl of sample extracts (0.2 mg/ml) was mixed with 2.3 ml of methanol solution (30% w/v), 100 μl of 0.5 M NaNO2 and 100 μl of 0.3 M AlCl3, respectively.…”

“…The diameter (mm) of the inhibition zones (IZ) was measured after 1, 3 and 5 d incubation at 37°C. [18]. The positive controls used were ampicillin (Amp, 10 µg/ml) and ciprofloxacin (CIP, 10 µg/ml) discs.…”