Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination of Equine Cadaver Skin Following Injections Using Different Needle Types and Skin Preparation Methods

Puschmann, Tobias; Verspohl, Jutta; Rohn, Karl; Ohnesorge, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2016.06.079

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 21 publications

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“…It is beneficial for AA-loaded microneedles to have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to reduce the risk of contamination and bacterial infection, while the needles puncture the outer skin layer [55,56]. In addition, the antimicrobial property of the AA-loaded microneedles can be utilized in medical implications such as wound healing and acne treatment [43,[57][58][59][60].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Disc Susceptibility Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly stable and fast‐dissolving ascorbic acid‐loaded microneedles

Leelawattanachai

Panyasu

Prasertsom

et al. 2023

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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ObjectivesAscorbic acid has many benefits to the skin. Numerous attempts to promote its topical delivery show great challenges since its chemical instability and poor skin impermeability. Microneedle delivery is a simple, safe, painless and effective means to deliver therapeutic or nourishing molecules into the skin. The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to develop a new formulation of ascorbic acid‐loaded microneedles to enhance ascorbic acid stability by investigating an optimal amount of polyethyleneimine as an additive to the dextran‐based microneedle formulation and (b) to assess microneedle properties in terms of dissolving rate, skin penetration ability, biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity.MethodsThe microneedles formulated with ascorbic acid and varied polyethyleneimine concentrations were fabricated and subsequently tested for ascorbic acid stability using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay. The dissolution rate and skin penetration depth were investigated in porcine skin and the reconstructed human full‐thickness skin model respectively. The skin irritation tests were done according to the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development Test Guideline No. 439. An antimicrobial disc susceptibility test was performed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.ResultsAmong varied amounts of 0%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% (w/v), the 3.0% polyethyleneimine showed the most desirable characteristics, including well‐preserved shape integrity after demoulding, significantly improved stability of ascorbic acid (p < 0.001) from 33% to 96% antioxidant activity after 8 weeks of storage at 40°C, increased dissolving rate (p < 0.001) by being completely dissolved within 2 min after the skin insertion, passing skin penetration and biocompatibility tests as well as having a broad spectrum of antimicrobial property.ConclusionWith a safety profile and enhanced properties, the new formulation of ascorbic acid‐loaded microneedles shows outstanding potential as commercially available cosmetics and healthcare products.

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