Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients

Ahmed, Naveed; Khan, Madiha; Saleem, Waqas; Karobari, Mohmed Isaqali; Mohamed, Roshan Noor; Heboyan, Artak; Rabaan, Ali A.; Mutair, Abbas Al; Alhumaid, Saad; Alsadiq, Salman A.; Bueid, Ahmed S.; Santali, Eman Y.; Alestad, Jeehan H.

doi:10.3390/antibiotics11020276

Cited by 35 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It resulted in 445 million (M) reported cases and 6 M deaths worldwide [ 4 ]. Out of which, cases from Pakistan accounted for 1.15 M and 30,265 deaths [ 5 ]. The high transmissibility and associated mortality rates have raised concerns among clinicians and scientists [ 6 , 7 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan

et al. 2022

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Background and Objective: Bacterial infections are among the major complications of many viral respiratory tract illnesses, such as influenza and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). These bacterial co-infections are associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality rates. The current observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan among COVID-19 patients with the status of oxygen dependency to see the prevalence of bacterial co-infections and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Materials and Methods: A total of 1251 clinical samples were collected from already diagnosed COVID-19 patients and tested for bacterial identification (cultures) and susceptibility testing (disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration) using gold standard diagnostic methods. Results: From the total collected samples, 234 were found positive for different bacterial isolates. The most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (E. coli) (n = 62) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) (n = 47). The E. coli isolates have shown the highest resistance to amoxicillin and ampicillin, while in the case of A. baumannii, the highest resistance was noted against tetracycline. The prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 14.9%, carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) was 4.5%, and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) was 3.96%. Conclusions: The results of the current study conclude that empiric antimicrobial treatment in critically ill COVID-19 patients may be considered if properly managed within institutional or national level antibiotic stewardship programs, because it may play a protective role in the case of bacterial co-infections, especially when a patient has other AMR risk factors, such as hospital admission within the previous six months.

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan

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“…By the first week of April 2020, more than 890,000 cases and over 45,000 deaths had been reported worldwide. 11 The death toll in India had reached 200, with Maharashtra being the worst affected state in the country. 12 Throughout the lockdown period, the patient inflow in Nair Hospital Dental College was minimal, probably due to stringent travel restrictions and fear of transmission of infection among patients during dental treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Contraction Among Dental Healthcare Workers in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics – A Retrospective Analysis During the Pandemic

Vasan¹,

Shinde²,

Banga³

et al. 2022

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Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has led to major challenges for the healthcare sector across the globe including dental healthcare workers (DHCWs) due to the increased risk of transmission of virus during aerosol-generating procedures. We conducted the present retrospective analysis determining the risk of contraction of COVID-19 infection among DHCWs since the outbreak of the pandemic for a year (March 2020 through March 2021) in Mumbai. Methods In total, 18,058 patients visited the Nair Hospital Dental College for dental treatment related to the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics during the assessed year. All the patients were subjected to intensive triage, which included recording their body temperature, oxygen saturation level, travel, and COVID-19 exposure history. Results A total of 26 DHCWs were responsible for attending and treating the patients with all the standard infection control measures. Seventy-four (0.40%) patients out of 18058 were referred for a nasal rapid antigen test (RAT) on giving a positive affirmation about COVID-19 like symptoms when screened at the triage. Of those 74 patients referred, 20 reported a positive nasal rapid antigen test and the infection was confirmed by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Among 26, 9 (34,7%) DCHWs were found to have contracted the infection during the assessed year. Conclusion The analysis found that the risk of COVID-19 infection contraction amongst the DHCWs is considerably less. This could be attributed to the intensive triage and the preventive measures taken while rendering treatment.

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“…However, systematic reports that provide a thorough overview of AMR in the country have not been published yet [ 32 ]. In previous studies, AMR in clinically significant bacteria in Pakistan was discussed; the authors identified the gaps in surveillance and provided references for impending work while also recommending regulations and guidelines for government officials and consumers on evidence-based measures to minimize AMR in Pakistan [ 13 , 24 ]. The exploitation of AI in Pakistan is not common, except in a few healthcare setups.…”

Section: Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Regulation and Coordination Department of the Pakistan Ministry of National Health Services, along with the NIH, pledges to develop a nationwide AMR monitoring system that includes animal, human, and resistance surveillance; creation of federal and provincial AMR labs in at least two provinces; and reduction in infection incidence and prevalence in Pakistan [ 31 ]. They also pledge to finish the project of Tricycle ESBL E. coli and expand the International AMR Monitoring System, as well as share relevant findings globally [ 13 ].…”

Section: Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antibiotics are medications that are utilized to both prevent and treat infections caused by bacteria and fungi in animals (significantly humans). Antibiotic resistance arises when bacteria alter their genetic makeup in response to the usage of antibiotics [ 13 ]. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the main causative agents of antibiotic resistance.…”

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Application of Artificial Intelligence in Combating High Antimicrobial Resistance Rates

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of science and engineering that focuses on the computational understanding of intelligent behavior. Many human professions, including clinical diagnosis and prognosis, are greatly useful from AI. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the most critical challenges facing Pakistan and the rest of the world. The rising incidence of AMR has become a significant issue, and authorities must take measures to combat the overuse and incorrect use of antibiotics in order to combat rising resistance rates. The widespread use of antibiotics in clinical practice has not only resulted in drug resistance but has also increased the threat of super-resistant bacteria emergence. As AMR rises, clinicians find it more difficult to treat many bacterial infections in a timely manner, and therapy becomes prohibitively costly for patients. To combat the rise in AMR rates, it is critical to implement an institutional antibiotic stewardship program that monitors correct antibiotic use, controls antibiotics, and generates antibiograms. Furthermore, these types of tools may aid in the treatment of patients in the event of a medical emergency in which a physician is unable to wait for bacterial culture results. AI’s applications in healthcare might be unlimited, reducing the time it takes to discover new antimicrobial drugs, improving diagnostic and treatment accuracy, and lowering expenses at the same time. The majority of suggested AI solutions for AMR are meant to supplement rather than replace a doctor’s prescription or opinion, but rather to serve as a valuable tool for making their work easier. When it comes to infectious diseases, AI has the potential to be a game-changer in the battle against antibiotic resistance. Finally, when selecting antibiotic therapy for infections, data from local antibiotic stewardship programs are critical to ensuring that these bacteria are treated quickly and effectively. Furthermore, organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) have underlined the necessity of selecting the appropriate antibiotic and treating for the shortest time feasible to minimize the spread of resistant and invasive resistant bacterial strains.

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Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients

Cited by 35 publications

References 27 publications

Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan

Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan

COVID-19 Contraction Among Dental Healthcare Workers in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics – A Retrospective Analysis During the Pandemic

Application of Artificial Intelligence in Combating High Antimicrobial Resistance Rates

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