Evaluation of biochemical markers during somatic embryogenesis in Silybum marianum L.

Abstract

In present report effects of explants type, basal media and plant growth regulators (PGRs) were tested for induction of indirect somatic embryogenesis in medicinally important plant Silybum marianum L. Leaf, petiole and root explants were exploited in vitro on B5 (Gamborg), SH (Schenk and Hildebrandt) and MS (Murashige and Skoog) media for induction of embryogenic callus followed by somatic embryogenesis. Highest callus induction frequency (76 ± 4.8 %) was recorded when petiole explants of in vitro derived plantlets were cultured on B5 medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4_D) in combination with 1.5 mg l−1 Thidiazuron (TDZ). Induction and multiplication of somatic embryos were observed, when the embryogenic calluses were sub-cultured on to B5 medium containing 0.5 mg l−1 2,4-D plus 1.5 mg l−1 TDZ. At this PGRs treatment, 77 % of the cultures responded with 39.1 somatic embryos per callus. Furthermore, MS0 medium was indicated more reponsive for growth and maturation of somatic embryos. Analysis of biochemical markers during various growth phases in somatic embryogenesis revealed that somatic embryos exhibited highest level of total carbohydrate, starch, ascorbic acid and total free amino acids. However, higher protein levels were detected in non-embryogenic callus. Nevertheless, considerable amount of silymarin (4.1 mg g−1 DW) was detected in somatic embryos than other growth phases. Thus, the present study concluded that biochemical and physiological changes during embryogenesis are influenced by interplay of explants type, basal media and PGRs.

Silver nanoparticles elicited in vitro callus cultures for accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites in Caralluma tuberculata

“…The augmentation of AgNPs to solid culture media was found encouraging for production of polyphenolics content in callus cells of C. tuberculata. The information on polyphenolics content in in vitro-based materials of Caralluma are still absent in the literature cited; however, various medicinal plant species are exploited for the production of polyphenolics content [36][37][38]. Khan et al [39] and Saeed et al [40] observed that elicitors and PGRs are not only involved in the process of morphogenesis but also fluctuate the pathways of secondary metabolism to release higher contents.…”

Chemical Compositions, Somatic Embryogenesis, and Somaclonal Variation in Cumin

“…Measurement of chemical parameters can be used as a marker to assess somatic embryogenesis [14, 15]. Studies suggest that antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase play an important role in the growth and differentiation of plant cells and tissues and their high activities are associated with cell differentiation process [10, 16, 17].…”

“…The researchers observed that elimination of auxin from medium can lead to the continuation of somatic embryogenesis [8, 12, 13]. Measurement of chemical compositions such as contents of proline, protein, and antioxidant enzymes including catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase has been used as a marker to evaluate somatic embryogenesis in different studies [10, 14, 15]. Studies suggest that antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase play an important role in maturity and differentiation of plant tissues and their high activity affects cellular processes such as somatic embryogenesis [10, 16, 17].…”

Impacts of methyl jasmonate and phenyl acetic acid on biomass accumulation and antioxidant potential in adventitious roots of Ajuga bracteosa Wall ex Benth., a high valued endangered medicinal plant

“…The differential morphogenetic shifts exhibited by different explants at the same growth conditions may be linked with the genetic variability of the explant types (Abbasi et al 2016).…”