Evaluation of Biodegradable Alloy Fe30Mn0.6N in Rabbit Femur and Cartilage through Detecting Osteogenesis and Autophagy

Abstract

Biodegradable iron alloy implants have become one of the most ideal possible candidates because of their biocompatibility and comprehensive mechanical properties. Iron alloy’s impact on chondrocytes is still unknown, though. This investigation looked at the biocompatibility and degradation of the Fe30Mn0.6N alloy as well as how it affected bone formation and chondrocyte autophagy. In vivo implantation of Fe30Mn0.6N and Ti6Al4V rods into rabbit femoral cartilage and femoral shaft was carried out to evaluate the degradation of the alloy and the cartilage and bone response at different intervals. After 8 weeks of implantation, the cross-sectional area of the Fe30Mn0.6N alloys lowered by 50.79 ± 9.59 % . More Ca and P element deposition was found on the surface Fe30Mn0.6N rods by using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy ( P < 0.05 ). After 2, 4, and 8 weeks of implantation, no evident inflammatory infiltration was seen in peri-implant cartilage and bone tissue of Fe30Mn0.6N and Ti6Al4V alloys. Also, implantation of Fe30Mn0.6N alloy promoted autophagy in cartilage by detecting expression of LC3-II compared with Ti6Al4V after implantation ( P < 0.05 ). Fe30Mn0.6N alloy also stimulated early osteogenesis at the peri-implant interface compared with Ti6Al4V after implantation ( P < 0.05 ). In the in vitro test, we found that low concentrations of Fe30Mn0.6N extracts had no influence on cell viability. 15% and 30% extracts of Fe30Mn0.6N could upregulate autophagy compared to the control group by detecting beclin-1, LC3, Atg3, and P62 on the basis of WB and IHC ( P < 0.05 ). Also, the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway mediated in the upregulation of autophagy of chondrocytes resulting in exposure to extract of Fe30Mn0.6N alloy. It is concluded that Fe30Mn0.6N showed degradability and biocompatibility in vivo and upregulated autophagy activity in chondrocytes.

3D printing metal implants in orthopedic surgery: Methods, applications and future prospects

“…Degradability is the preferred choice for temporary implant support in bone healing, such as plates and screws, thus eliminating unnecessary surgical risks and excessive costs for a second surgery [ 58 ]. Currently, magnesium (Mg), Fe, and zinc (Zn) alloys are the best biodegradable metals for orthopedics because they have good in vivo biocompatibility, controlled degradation profiles, and sufficient mechanical strength to support bone during regeneration [ [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] ]. The mechanical properties of biomedical metal materials and natural human bone are listed in Fig.…”

“…3 and Table 2 .

Figure 3 Properties of 3D printing metal materials (A) Stainless steel [ 51 ], (B) Titanium alloy [ 52 ], (C) Cobalt-chromium alloy [ 53 ], (D) Tantalum alloy [ 52 ], (E) Shape memory alloy [ 54 ], (F) Zinc alloy [ 60 ], (G) Iron alloy [ 61 ], (H) Magnesium alloy [ 62 ], reproduced with permission.

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Image-Guided Surgical and Pharmacotherapeutic Routines as Part of Diligent Medical Treatment

“…In fact, all of the implants described in the last paragraph ar made from non-biodegradable materials and require the disposal of SI. Two next chal lenges should be acknowledged: The first concerns the facilitation of self-contained im planted DD systems addressing simple and spatially homogeneous problems using con stant drug release and biodegradable structures that facilitate disposal of implanted sys tems [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]. The second concerns the treatment of spatially complicated cases requiring non-uniform DD, focusing only on diseased areas and avoiding healthy areas.…”

“…These structures employ RDD for nearby tissue containing a specified area. Implanted treatments designate at best the practice of biodegradable ingredients and at least materials compatible with the treatment [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71], as well as wireless operated implanted actuations.…”

“…These concern artefacts of biodegradable magnesium-based im sessment of implant-related pain and dysfunction, cochlear implant positioni imaging quality, adverse local tissue reactions near metal implants after total plasty, metal artefact reduction sequences for a piezoelectric bone conductio image quality and artifact reduction of a cochlear implant, MRI in patients w implantable electronic devices, and MRI artifacts caused by auditory implants treatment structures might manage confined conduct MI-imbedded equipm structures employ RDD for nearby tissue containing a specified area. Impla ments designate at best the practice of biodegradable ingredients and at leas compatible with the treatment [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71], as well as wireless operated implanted…”