Evaluation of biodiesel storage stability using reference methods

Bondioli, P.; Gasparoli, A.; Bella, Laura Della; Tagliabue, S.

doi:10.1002/1438-9312(200212)104:12<777::aid-ejlt777>3.0.co;2-#

Cited by 91 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The peroxide value may not be suitable [11,13,15] because, after an initial increase, it decreases due to secondary oxidation reactions, although the decrease likely affects only samples oxidized beyond what may normally be expected. Thus, there is the possibility of the fuel having undergone relatively extensive oxidation but displaying an acceptable peroxide value.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Analysis of oxidized biodiesel by ¹ H‐NMR and effect of contact area with air

Knothe

2006

Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.

105

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Biodiesel is continuously gaining attention and significance as an alternative diesel fuel. An important issue facing biodiesel is fuel stability upon exposure to air due to its content of unsaturated fatty acids. Numerous factors influence the oxidative stability of biodiesel, and several methods for its assessment have been developed. In the present work, a defined amount of biodiesel (methyl soyate) was heated in open beakers, with the only difference being the size of the beaker, i.e. the surface area of the biodiesel exposed to air. Biodiesel oxidized in this fashion was analyzed by 1 H-NMR, kinematic viscosity and acid value. Acid values and kinematic viscosity increased with time and surface area. A previously developed 1 H-NMR procedure was used to evaluate the unsaturation and "residual" fatty acid composition. The amounts of saturated fatty acids determined by this method increased, with monounsaturated and diunsaturated species increasing and then decreasing with time. After "flash" (3 h, 165 7C) oxidation, NMR shows the greatest effect on saturates and compounds with two double bonds, the former increasing and the latter decreasing. The double bond originally located at D15 in 18:3 is largely retained, showing that other double bond positions in 18:3 are initially affected by oxidation. The methyl ester signal decreases, coinciding with the increase in acid value. An increasingly strong absorption was observed in the UV-VIS spectra. Increasing surface area accelerated oxidation and affected fatty acid composition.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Analysis of oxidized biodiesel by ¹ H‐NMR and effect of contact area with air

Knothe

2006

Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.

105

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“…These results show acid value and total insolubles in a range similar to that observed in previous investigations that used this test. 5,8,16 The level of B100 total insoluble on this test that is indicative of an unacceptable fuel blending component, and the repeatability of this test for B100, are unknown. The acid number increase may be a more accurate indicator than sediment formation of deleterious changes in B100 under these conditions.…”

Section: Results: Stability Of B100 Accelerated Testing and Charactermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may not be the case for B100. For example, Bondioli and coworkers 18 compared the results from D4625 tests 8 and storage for 1 year in drums at ambient conditions. 7 They observed only modest degradation in the 1-year storage study, but for D4625 storage they saw significant increases in peroxide value and insolubles at only 4 weeks, along with significant increases in acidity at 8 to 12 weeks.…”

Section: Simulated Vehicle Tank Aging Followed By High-temperature Tementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This contrasts strongly with results of studies conducted at higher temperatures (for example 43ºC as in ASTM D4625), which have shown large changes in acid value and other parameters. 5,8 Additionally, the agitated sample exhibited significant increase in peroxide and acid values and a large reduction in Rancimat induction time because of the increased exposure to dissolved oxygen. Mittelbach and Gangl also stored biodiesel produced from rapeseed oil and used frying oil under different conditions for up to 200 days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Empirical Study of the Stability of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends: Milestone Report

McCormick¹,

Westbrook²

2007

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Executive SummaryIn support of the U.S. Department of Energy Fuels Technologies Program Multiyear Program Plan goal of identifying fuels that can displace 5% of petroleum diesel by 2010, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in collaboration with the National Biodiesel Board (NBB) and with subcontractor Southwest Research Institute, performed a study of biodiesel oxidation stability. The objective of this work was to develop a database that supports specific proposals for a stability test and specification for biodiesel and biodiesel blends. B100 samples from 19 biodiesel producers were obtained in December of 2005 and January of 2006 and tested for stability. Eight of these samples were then selected for additional study, including long-term storage tests and blending at 5% and 20% with a number of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuels. These blends were also tested for stability. The study used accelerated tests as well as tests that were intended to simulate three real-world aging scenarios: (1) storage and handling, (2) vehicle fuel tank, and (3) high-temperature engine fuel system. Several tests were also performed with two commercial antioxidant additives to determine whether these additives improve stability. This report documents completion of NREL's Fiscal Year 2007 Annual Operating Plan Milestone 10.1.The B100 samples examined show a broad distribution of stability on accelerated tests, with oil stability index (OSI) or Rancimat induction time results ranging from less than 1 hour to more than 9 hours and ASTM D2274 total insolubles ranging from less than 2 mg/100 ml to nearly 18 mg/100 ml. The accelerated test data indicate that if the B100 stability is above roughly a 3-hour induction time, blends prepared from that B100 appear to be stable on the OSI and D2274 tests.The D4625 long-term storage results for B100 indicate that most biodiesel samples, regardless of initial induction time, will begin to oxidize immediately during storage. If induction time is near or below the 3-hour limit, the B100 will most likely go out of specification for either stability or acid value within 4 months. Even B100 with induction times longer than 7 hours will be out of specification for oxidation stability at only 4 months, although these samples may not have shown a significant increase in acidity or in deposit formation. The 3-hour B100 induction time limit appears to be adequate to prevent oxidative degradation for both B5 and B20 blends in storage for up to 12 months.For tests that simulated fuel tank aging and high temperature stability, we conclude that stable B100 (longer than 3 hours induction time) leads to stable B5 blends. For B20, the results are less definitive, but provide considerable evidence that B100 with induction time of at least 3 hours produces stable B20 blends, but the test cannot differentiate between intermediate and highly stable samples for acid number increase or sediment formation under these worst-case test conditions. Additional work is required to confirm this finding and to...

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“…Despite the heavier contamination detected in the ULSD blends, the evolution of AV is lower. This lower acidity production rate of the ULSD blends can be explained by the higher oxidation stability they exhibited (Bondioli, 2002). and B20 fuel samples after 16 weeks storage time…”

Section: Acid Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of microbiological contamination in the quality of biodiesel fuels

Dodos

Konstantakos²,

Loginos³

et al. 2013

Global NEST Journal

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The introduction to the European Market of biodiesel blends along with the minimization of the sulphur content in automotive diesel has rejuvenated the research interest on the microbial stability of diesel fuel. Several microorganisms are able to metabolize hydrocarbons contained in conventional fuels and particularly in diesel and jet stocks. With the advent of FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) as a diesel fuel substitute there has been an increase in the number of samples suspect of microbial contamination with confirmative results. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological stability of FAME/diesel blends and consequently the impact of microbial proliferation on their quality. A commercially available FAME was blended with Ultra-Low Sulphur (ULSD) and Low Sulphur (LSD) conventional automotive diesel fuels in mixing ratios of 5, 10 and 20 % v/v. The resulting blends were contaminated with bottom-water of known viable microbial colonies and were stored for a period of 16 weeks. During storage the microbiological growth was evaluated by employing both semi-quantitative and quantitative methodologies. At the same time the devolution of certain quality parameters, namely oxidation stability and acid number, which could be influenced by microbial growth was examined. The overall results reveal the need to establish a scheduled inspection plan adapted to the diesel fuel supply chain infrastructure aiming to control and remedy efficiently the microbiological growth issues.

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Evaluation of biodiesel storage stability using reference methods

Cited by 91 publications

References 6 publications

Analysis of oxidized biodiesel by ¹ H‐NMR and effect of contact area with air

Analysis of oxidized biodiesel by ¹ H‐NMR and effect of contact area with air

Empirical Study of the Stability of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends: Milestone Report

Effects of microbiological contamination in the quality of biodiesel fuels

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Evaluation of biodiesel storage stability using reference methods

Cited by 91 publications

References 6 publications

Analysis of oxidized biodiesel by 1 H‐NMR and effect of contact area with air

Analysis of oxidized biodiesel by 1 H‐NMR and effect of contact area with air

Empirical Study of the Stability of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends: Milestone Report

Effects of microbiological contamination in the quality of biodiesel fuels

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Product

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Analysis of oxidized biodiesel by ¹ H‐NMR and effect of contact area with air

Analysis of oxidized biodiesel by ¹ H‐NMR and effect of contact area with air