Evaluation of Blood Zonulin Levels, Inflammatory Processes and Neuronal Changes in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Kartalcı, Gülşen; Demir, Arzu Çalışkan; Kartalcı, Şükrü; Üremiş, Nuray; Türköz, Yusuf

doi:10.24869/psyd.2022.279

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In BD, studies are conducted in manic [ 62 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 ] or depressive episodes [ 77 , 97 , 98 ], as well as in euthymia [ 71 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ], also with inconsistent results; however, a recent meta-analysis confirmed increased S100B levels in bipolar disorder [ 120 ]. In ASD, elevation [ 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ], no differences [ 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ] in S100B levels were reported, and parallel results were found in ADHD studies (no differences [ 113 , 114 , 115 ] or higher [ 116 , 117 ] S100B levels in patient groups), though in ADHD, three out of five publications were performed on the same group, analyzing different clinical aspects [ 113 , 114 , 115 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elevation in peripheral S100B levels in autistic children compared to healthy controls have been reported by several studies [103][104][105][106], while others found no differences between ASD children and healthy controls in S100B levels [107][108][109][110]. Tunca et al ( 2022) compared ASD patients with healthy controls and autistic children receiving the Pervasive Developmental Disorders Supportive Training Program (ASD-NPI-individualized educational program).…”

Section: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (Asd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peripheral S100B Protein Levels in Five Major Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review

Kozlowski,

Bargiel,

Grabarczyk

et al. 2023

Brain Sciences

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Five major psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, show a shared genetic background and probably share common pathobiological mechanisms. S100B is a calcium-binding protein widely studied in psychiatric disorders as a potential biomarker. Our systematic review aimed to compare studies on peripheral S100B levels in five major psychiatric disorders with shared genetic backgrounds to reveal whether S100B alterations are disease-specific. EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed databases were searched for relevant studies published until the end of July 2023. This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines. Overall, 1215 publications were identified, of which 111 full-text articles were included in the systematic review. Study designs are very heterogeneous, performed mostly on small groups of participants at different stages of the disease (first-episode or chronic, drug-free or medicated, in the exacerbation of symptoms or in remission), and various clinical variables are analyzed. Published results are inconsistent; most reported elevated S100B levels across disorders included in the review. Alterations in S100B peripheral levels do not seem to be disease-specific.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (Asd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral S100B Protein Levels in Five Major Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review

Kozlowski,

Bargiel,

Grabarczyk

et al. 2023

Brain Sciences

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“…A total of 17 articles had the results of biomedical markers (10,11,24,(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56); 8 articles had the results of trace elements (12-15, 57-60); 16 articles had the results of microbiota factors (16)(17)(18)(19)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67)(68)(69)(70)(71)(72)(73)(74); and 2 articles had the results for both biomedical markers and microbiota factors (61,62). These studies were performed in 16 countries, including 16 studies in China (10,11,14,17,18,47,55,58,61,63,64,66,67,69,70), 5 studies in the USA (52, 59, 71, 72, 74), 4 st...…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison between children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and healthy controls in biomedical factors, trace elements, and microbiota biomarkers: a meta-analysis

Lin,

Zhang,

Sun

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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IntroductionAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifaceted developmental condition that commonly appears during early childhood. The etiology of ASD remains multifactorial and not yet fully understood. The identification of biomarkers may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology of the disorder. The present study aimed to explore the causes of ASD by investigating the key biomedical markers, trace elements, and microbiota factors between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and control subjects.MethodsMedline, PubMed, ProQuest, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and EMBSCO databases have been searched for publications from 2012 to 2023 with no language restrictions using the population, intervention, control, and outcome (PICO) approach. Keywords including “autism spectrum disorder,” “oxytocin,” “GABA,” “Serotonin,” “CRP,” “IL-6,” “Fe,” “Zn,” “Cu,” and “gut microbiota” were used for the search. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the article quality, and a random model was used to assess the mean difference and standardized difference between ASD and the control group in all biomedical markers, trace elements, and microbiota factors.ResultsFrom 76,217 records, 43 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled analyses showed that children with ASD had significantly lower levels of oxytocin (mean differences, MD = −45.691, 95% confidence interval, CI: −61.667, −29.717), iron (MD = −3.203, 95% CI: −4.891, −1.514), and zinc (MD = −6.707, 95% CI: −12.691, −0.722), lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium (MD = −1.321, 95% CI: −2.403, −0.238) and Parabacteroides (MD = −0.081, 95% CI: −0.148, −0.013), higher levels of c-reactive protein, CRP (MD = 0.401, 95% CI: 0.036, 0.772), and GABA (MD = 0.115, 95% CI: 0.045, 0.186), and higher relative abundance of Bacteroides (MD = 1.386, 95% CI: 0.717, 2.055) and Clostridium (MD = 0.281, 95% CI: 0.035, 0.526) when compared with controls. The results of the overall analyses were stable after performing the sensitivity analyses. Additionally, no substantial publication bias was observed among the studies.InterpretationChildren with ASD have significantly higher levels of CRP and GABA, lower levels of oxytocin, iron, and zinc, lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Parabacteroides, and higher relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, and Clostridium when compared with controls. These results suggest that these indicators may be a potential biomarker panel for the diagnosis or determining therapeutic targets of ASD. Furthermore, large, sample-based, and randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these results.

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Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Neuroinflammatory Mediated Mechanism of Pathogenesis?

Zarimeidani,

Rahmati,

Mostafavi

et al. 2024

Inflammation

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and behavior, frequently accompanied by restricted and repetitive patterns of interests or activities. The gut microbiota has been implicated in the etiology of ASD due to its impact on the bidirectional communication pathway known as the gut-brain axis. However, the precise involvement of the gut microbiota in the causation of ASD is unclear. This study critically examines recent evidence to rationalize a probable mechanism in which gut microbiota symbiosis can induce neuroinflammation through intermediator cytokines and metabolites. To develop ASD, loss of the integrity of the intestinal barrier, activation of microglia, and dysregulation of neurotransmitters are caused by neural inflammatory factors. It has emphasized the potential role of neuroinflammatory intermediates linked to gut microbiota alterations in individuals with ASD. Specifically, cytokines like brain-derived neurotrophic factor, calprotectin, eotaxin, and some metabolites and microRNAs have been considered etiological biomarkers. We have also overviewed how probiotic trials may be used as a therapeutic strategy in ASD to reestablish a healthy balance in the gut microbiota. Evidence indicates neuroinflammation induced by dysregulated gut microbiota in ASD, yet there is little clarity based on analysis of the circulating immune profile. It deems the repair of microbiota load would lower inflammatory chaos in the GI tract, correct neuroinflammatory mediators, and modulate the neurotransmitters to attenuate autism. The interaction between the gut and the brain, along with alterations in microbiota and neuroinflammatory biomarkers, serves as a foundational background for understanding the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Graphical Abstract

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Evaluation of Blood Zonulin Levels, Inflammatory Processes and Neuronal Changes in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Peripheral S100B Protein Levels in Five Major Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review

Peripheral S100B Protein Levels in Five Major Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review

A comparison between children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and healthy controls in biomedical factors, trace elements, and microbiota biomarkers: a meta-analysis

Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Neuroinflammatory Mediated Mechanism of Pathogenesis?

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