Evaluation of Border Sprays for Managing the Codling Moth (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) and the Apple Maggot (Tephritidae: Diptera) in Ontario Apple Orchards

Abstract

The efficacy of two insecticide control programs for managing the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were compared in the Georgian Bay, London, Niagara, and Quinte apple production areas of Ontario during 1995, 1996, and 1997. In the border spray program, an initial cover spray of organophosphorus insecticide was applied to eradicate codling moths that may have colonized a test plot during the previous growing season. Subsequent sprays were applied only to a four-tree-wide zone (approximately 20 wide) around the perimeter of the plot to control immigrating codling moths or apple maggots. In the cover spray program, all sprays of organophosphorus insecticide were applied to the entire plot. Apple maggot injury was significantly greater in border spray program plots than in cover spray program plots only during 1995 in the London production area. There was no significant difference in codling moth injury between border spray and cover spray plots in the four production areas during the three-year study. The elimination of cover sprays from border spray plots during July and August may have left the apple crop more susceptible to damage by second generation larvae of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), in the London production area during 1995. There was a trend of increasing codling moth injury from 1995 to 1997 in two border spray plots, and apple maggot injury was detected in these plots during the third year of the study.

The effect of border sprays and between‐row soil tillage on Drosophila suzukii in organic blackberry production

“…), brown marmorated stink bug ( Halyomorpha halys ) (Blaauw et al. ), apple maggot ( Rhagoletis pomonella ) and codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) (Trimble and Vickers ) in orchard systems. As D. suzukii is thought to be migrating from outside the field, we hypothesize that the establishment of a pesticide border around the field will reduce D. suzukii in blackberry fields.…”

Resting sites, edge effects and dispersion of a polyphagous Bactrocera fruit fly within crops of different architecture

“…), they may provide a source of beneficials and pollinators (Chiverton and Sotherton ; Ricketts et al. ), and they may be foci for pest monitoring and control (Hokkanen ; Trimble and Vickers ). Crop edges are of specific importance for fruit flies because it is generally regarded that flies reinvade the crop each cropping cycle (Fletcher ) and because flies may also routinely move back and forwards between the crop and surrounding vegetation (Aluja and Rull ).…”

“…As many pest fruit flies are multivoltine, polyphagous and mobile (Bateman 1972;Fletcher 1987), an area of interest for IPM development is understanding edge effects and crop-border management. It is widely recognized that crop edges are important within agricultural landscapes as they may modify the distribution of pests entering the crop (Price 1976;Bowie 1999;Ferguson et al 2003), they may provide a source of beneficials and pollinators (Chiverton and Sotherton 1991;Ricketts et al 2008), and they may be foci for pest monitoring and control (Hokkanen 1991;Trimble and Vickers 2000). Crop edges are of specific importance for fruit flies because it is generally regarded that flies reinvade the crop each cropping cycle (Fletcher 1974) and because flies may also routinely move back and forwards between the crop and surrounding vegetation (Aluja and Rull 2009).…”

Attract and kill, an effective technique to manage apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella [Diptera : Tephritidae] in high density Quebec apple orchards

“…Growers, monitoring adult activity with red sphères, apply on average 1.1 insecticidal treatments per season in Québec (Bostanian et al 1984) and 2.2 to 3.1 treatments in Massachusetts (Prokopy et al 1990). Meanwhile, in southern Ontario, three to four insecticidal treatments are applied when this pest and Cydia pomonella (L.) [Lepidoptera : Tortricidae] are reproductively active (Trimble and Vickers 2000).…”

“…When the action threshold is reached, an insecticide treatment is applied to a 50-m wide strip around the outer margin of a block. With this technique, Trimble and Vickers (2000) managed adults and larvae of codling moth {Cy-dia pomonella and apple maggot adults throughout the season in Ontario.…”