Evaluation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus transmission in newborn goat kids

Rodrigues, Apoliana de Sousa; Pinheiro, R. R.; Brito, Roberta Lomonte Lemos de; Oliveira, Leandro Silva de; Oliveira, Eder Jorge de; Santos, Vanderlan Warlington Souza dos; Andrioli, A.; Souza, Thiago Sampaio de; Dias, Ronaldo Pereira; Teixeira, Maria Fátima da Silva

doi:10.1590/1808-1657000542016

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, the fact that newborn animals, born from positive SRLV goats, have pro-viral DNA in their blood, suggests that they were infected in the uterine environment, collaborating with the results already described [45], since in the present research the blood sample of the kid was collected in the first minutes after birth, without any contact with the mother, much less with contaminated utensils.…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Sequencing is a valuable tool for evidencing similarities in strains and has even been used to confirm interspecific transmission of the virus among small ruminants [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. But, although nPCR DNA detection occurred in all nine samples and their respective replicates subjected to sequencing, it is believed that the concentration of pro-viral DNA was not adequate for the viable sequencing of all replicates.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

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Vertical transmissibility of small ruminant lentivirus

et al. 2020

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This study aimed to evaluate by means of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR), co-cultivation and sequencing, with genetic comparison between strains (mother/newborn), the occurrence of vertical transmission of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) from naturally occurring nannies infected for their offspring. For the detection of SRLV seropositive progenitors, blood was collected from 42 nannies in the final third of gestation in tubes with and without anticoagulant. The diagnostic tests used were Western Blot (WB) and nPCR. During the period of birth, the same blood collection procedure was performed on 73 newborns at zero hours of birth, with the same diagnostic tests. Seventeen blood samples from seven-day-old kids, proven positive for SRLV by nPCR, chosen at random, were subjected to coculture in goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells for 105 days. The pro-viral DNA extracted from the cell supernatant from the coculture was subjected to nPCR. For DNA sequencing from the nPCR products, nine positive samples were chosen at random, four nannies with their respective offspring, also positive. Each sample was performed in triplicate, thus generating 27 nPCR products of which only 19 were suitable for analysis. Among the 42 pregnant goats, in 50% (21/42) pro-viral DNA was detected by nPCR, while in the WB, only 7.14% (3/42) presented antibodies against SRLV. Regarding neonates, of the 73 kids, 34 (46.57%) were positive for the virus, using the nPCR technique, while in the serological test (WB), three positive animals (4.10%) were observed. The coculture of the 17 samples with a positive result in the nPCR was confirmed in viral isolation by amplification of the SRLV pro-viral DNA. When aligned, the pro-viral DNA sequences (nannies and their respective offspring) presented homology in relation to the standard strain CAEV Co. It was concluded that the transmission of SRLV through intrauterine route was potentially the source of infection in the newborn goats.

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Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical transmissibility of small ruminant lentivirus

et al. 2020

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“…Além de ocasionar doenças inflamatórias de caráter progressivo e lento, afetam preferencialmente os pulmões, sistemas nervoso, articulações e glândula mamária [34]. A transmissão ocorre através de distintas formas: ingestão de leite e colostro contaminado [53]; presença do vírus no sêmen de reprodutores infectados [7,73]; pelo contato direto entre animais, através de fezes, saliva e secreções respiratórias contendo partículas virais [57,74]; e em menor escala, a transmissão intrauterina, que ocorre no período da gestação [9,30,62].…”

Section: Características Gerais E Resposta Imunológicaunclassified

Western Blot in Immunodiagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus

Peixoto

Araújo

Pinheiro

2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) belong to genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. These viruses cause caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and maedi visna (MV), infectious diseases that cause economic, production, and reproductive losses. There are no effective treatments or vaccines for these diseases. Thus, early detection via serology has great importance for control of SRLV. Therefore, the objective of this review is to demonstrate the potential of the western blot (WB) test as an immunodiagnostic test for SRLV. Review: In general, immunodiagnosis of SRLV is performed via agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect antibodies in several different biological samples but is used preferably with serum and blood plasma. However, WB has demonstrated efficacy in the early diagnosis of immunoglobulins against SRLV, presenting higher sensitivity and specificity than the serological tests usually used, because this technique can detect antibodies at a dilution as much as 256 times greater than that of AGID and 32 times greater than that of ELISA. SRLV infection and consequent immunological activation result in the induction of cellular and humoral responses. Additionally, around the third week, production of antibodies directed mainly toward viral capsid proteins (p25 and p28) occurs. After the fifth week, production of immunoglobulins directed toward other viral proteins occurs. Because of the persistence of SRLV infection, serology is considered to be the most practical means to diagnosis. Each serological test has a percentage specificity and distinct sensitivity, as well as advantages and disadvantages in its applicability. It should be noted that there is no gold standard test for diagnosis of SRLV infection. Moreover, SRLV are characterized by escape mechanisms such as genetic diversity, mutagenic potential, viral intermittence, and the process of compartmentalization, which make immunodiagnosis more difficult. In addition, positive animals tend to present unstable levels of antibodies over weeks, months, and even years. In this context, WB, with early antibody detection, has been proven to be a refined and more accurate technique than other immunodiagnostic tests for SRLV. WB allows the simultaneous resolution of several immunogenic antigens present in a sample, and this feature provides it with greater reliability, differentiates it from other immunological methods, and accredits it as a test of wide applicability. Epidemiological and immunological dynamics studies often use WB in the immunodynamic diagnosis of SRLV. Serum, blood plasma, and seminal plasma are typical biological materials used in the serological diagnosis of SRLV with WB, expanding its potential as an immunodiagnosis method.Conclusion: WB is the most accurate serological technique for SRLV. It is more capable of accurate diagnosis because the genetic diversity that characterizes such lentiviruses and their various immune system escape mechanisms routinely hinder traditional diagnosis. Additionally, this test has been used widely in studies of SRLV for various purposes, but mainly in studies of epidemiological and immunological dynamics, using serum, blood plasma, or seminal plasma. However, independently of the biological sample tested, WB maintains high sensitivity and precision in immunodiagnosis, making it a refined and valid technique for SRLV control programs.

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“…The horizontal route may occur in direct contact between animals through feces, saliva, urogenital and respiratory secretions (RADOSTITS et al, 2002;SOUZA et al, 2015). The vertical transmission may occur via transplacental passage (RODRIGUES et al, 2017).…”

Section: General Characteristics Of Small Ruminant Lenvirus Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium dodecyl sulfate as a viral inactivator and future perspectives in the control of small ruminant lentiviruses

et al. 2019

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Infections by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) affect goats and sheep causing chronic multisystemic diseases that generate great economic losses. The caprine lentivirus (CLV) and the ovine lentivirus (OLV) present tropism for cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, which are directly associated with the main route of transmission through the ingestion of milk and colostrum from infected animals. In this manner, controlling this route is of paramount importance. Currently, researches have investigated the use of chemical additives in milk that can preserve colostrum or milk and inactivate microbiological agents. Among the compounds, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been shown to be satisfactory in the chemical inactivation of HIV and CLV in milk, and also as a biocide in goat colostrum.

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Evaluation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus transmission in newborn goat kids

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Vertical transmissibility of small ruminant lentivirus

Vertical transmissibility of small ruminant lentivirus

Western Blot in Immunodiagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus

Sodium dodecyl sulfate as a viral inactivator and future perspectives in the control of small ruminant lentiviruses

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