Evaluation of Chlamydophila psittaci infection and other risk factors for atherosclerosis in pet psittacine birds

Pilny, Anthony A.; Quesenberry, Katherine E.; Bartick-Sedrish, Tracey E.; Latimer, Kenneth S.; Berghaus, Roy D.

doi:10.2460/javma.240.12.1474

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It most frequently infects Psittaciformes but can also infect many other avian species, as well as a wide range of mammalian hosts (Kaleta and Taday, 2003;Zhu et al, 2013). The highest infection rates are identified in psittacine birds and pigeons (Donham and Zejda, 1992;Pilny et al, 2012). It can infect humans by inhalation or close contact (Beeckman and Vanrompay, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and genotype of Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples of birds from zoos and pet markets in Kunming, Yunnan, China

Feng

Zhang

et al. 2016

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Abstract:Chlamydia psittaci is an important zoonotic pathogen in birds and may be transmitted to humans and result in severe respiratory disease. To assess the prevalence and genotype of C. psittaci in birds in Kunming, Yunnan, China, a total of 136 specimens of psittacine birds involving 8 species were collected from the city's zoos (n=60) and pet markets (n=76). The frequency of C. psittaci infection was 19.9% (27/136) in the psittacine birds. The prevalence of C. psittaci was higher in pet birds (26.3%; 20/76) than in zoo birds (11.7%; 7/60) (P=0.034). In particular, among Agapornis fischeri, the C. psittaci infection (50%; 10/20) was significantly more frequent in the pet markets than in the zoos (P=0.006). In addition, the highest prevalence of 41.2% (7/17) was found in Ara ararauna. To determine the genotype of C. psittaci, 23 OmpA gene fragments (about 1.4 kb) in 27 positive samples were successfully amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the 23 strains belonged to genotype A. Our results demonstrate the high prevalence of C. psittaci genotype A infection in psittacine birds in Yunnan Province, suggesting a potential threat to human health in this area. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective measures to prevent the spread of C. psittaci among psittacine birds, as well as among employees and customers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and genotype of Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples of birds from zoos and pet markets in Kunming, Yunnan, China

Feng

Zhang

et al. 2016

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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“…46,47 In fact, these effects could well be reversed in female birds, for which estrogens have tremendous physiologic effects on lipid, protein, and calcium metabolism related to reproduction and egg formation. 4,6,17,42 The reasons for this are unknown, but one can speculate that these genera may have physiologic and genetic differences or different captive lifestyle and stress levels that could influence atherogenesis. 48,49 Increased plasma cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein, very low-densitylipoprotein remnants, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations promote atherogenesis, providing a plausible explanation for the enhanced predisposition found in female psittacine birds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of and risk factors associated with atherosclerosis in psittacine birds

Beaufrère¹,

Ammersbach²,

Reavill³

et al. 2013

javma

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“…10 Lipid-lowering therapeutic agents are being used extensively in both prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis in humans. [14][15][16] In addition, studies of avian models of atherosclerosis consistently showed an increased blood total and LDL cholesterol values, but the dyslipidemia was artificially induced by high-cholesterol feeding. 11 Unfortunately, when there is no pub-lished scientific or pharmacologic information available regarding statin use in pet birds, avian veterinarians have to resort to the empirical use of these drugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Drug Concentrations of Orally Administered Rosuvastatin in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis)

Beaufrère¹,

Papich²,

Brandão³

et al. 2015

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

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Atherosclerotic diseases are common in pet psittacine birds, in particular Amazon parrots. While hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia have not definitely been associated with increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis in parrots, these are important and well-known risk factors in humans. Therefore statin drugs such as rosuvastatin constitute the mainstay of human treatment of dyslipidemia and the prevention of atherosclerosis. No pharmacologic studies have been performed in psittacine birds despite the high prevalence of atherosclerosis in captivity. Thirteen Hispaniolan Amazon parrots were used to test a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg of rosuvastatin with blood sampling performed according to a balanced incomplete block design over 36 hours. Because low plasma concentrations were produced in the first study, a subsequent pilot study using a dose of 25 mg/kg in 2 Amazon parrots was performed. Most plasma samples for the 10 mg/kg dose and all samples for the 25 mg/kg dose had rosuvastatin concentration below the limits of quantitation. For the 10 mg/kg study, the median peak plasma concentration and time to peak plasma concentration were 0.032 μg/mL and 2 hours, respectively. Our results indicate that rosuvastatin does not appear suitable in Amazon parrots as compounded and used at the dose in this study. Pharmacodynamic studies investigating lipid-lowering effects of statins rather than pharmacokinetic studies may be more practical and cost effective in future studies to screen for a statin with more ideal properties for potential use in psittacine dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic diseases.

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Evaluation of Chlamydophila psittaci infection and other risk factors for atherosclerosis in pet psittacine birds

Abstract: Infection with C psittaci and a high plasma cholesterol concentration may be risk factors for developing atherosclerosis in pet psittacine birds.

Cited by 36 publications

References 27 publications

Prevalence and genotype of Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples of birds from zoos and pet markets in Kunming, Yunnan, China

Prevalence and genotype of Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples of birds from zoos and pet markets in Kunming, Yunnan, China

Prevalence of and risk factors associated with atherosclerosis in psittacine birds

Plasma Drug Concentrations of Orally Administered Rosuvastatin in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis)

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