Evaluation of comparative effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza (Rhizophagus intraradices) and endophyte (Piriformospora indica) association with finger millet (Eleusine coracana) under drought stress

Dark Septate Endophyte Improves Drought Tolerance of Ormosia hosiei Hemsley & E. H. Wilson by Modulating Root Morphology, Ultrastructure, and the Ratio of Root Hormones

“…Beneficial microorganisms (e.g., endophytic fungi, mycorrhizal fungi, and plant rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria) in the plant rhizosphere can promote plant growth and increase plant tolerance to abiotic stresses [12]. Beneficial microorganisms can enhance plant drought tolerance by either promoting drought stress avoidance by increasing water uptake or decreasing the transpiration rate, or by promoting tolerance by enhancing osmotic regulation [13,14]. Under drought stress, the colonization of plants by beneficial endophytic fungi can increase plant biomass, regulate osmotic substances, stabilize photosynthetic parameters, reduce stomatal conductance, and/or reduce overall water loss [14][15][16].…”

The Future Prospects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Slope Ecological Restoration

“…Studies have also shown that AMF has an effect on the secretion of plant hormones [34,70]. AMF significantly increased the content of auxin, gibberellin, and jasmonic acid in leaves and roots of plants under normal and drought stress conditions [34,70] and decreased the contents of abscisic acid [70]. Increased hormone accumulation is associated with strigolactones secreted by plant roots and signal substances secreted by mycelia, including sulfide oligosaccharides, non-sulfide oligosaccharides and chitosan oligosaccharides [71].…”

“…Studies have also shown that AMF has an effect on the secretion of plant hormones [34,70]. AMF significantly increased the content of auxin, gibberellin, and jasmonic acid in leaves and roots of plants under normal and drought stress conditions [34,70] and decreased the contents of abscisic acid [70].…”

“…1) [10,33]. Seedlings inoculated with AMF had higher antioxidant enzyme (Tyagi et al 2017) [34], ascorbic acid, glutathione peroxidase [33], glomalinrelated soil protein (GRSP), soluble sugar contents [34], nutrient uptake efficiency (especially nutrients with lower mobility) [10], and a lower proline, MDA, and H 2 O 2 content compared with the untreated samples under water deficit conditions [33,34]. These results provide strong evidence for improved conditions as a result of AMF, both through the plant enzyme defense system and osmotic regulatory network [33,34].…”

“…Many agent products on the market even usually rely on fertilizing compounds added to them for the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis, but poor-quality products hinder the advancement of technology [81]; 3) The inoculation method in engineering application. Pot culture is easy to ensure the uniform mixing of AMF inoculum and seeds for effective mycorrhizal symbiosis in experimental studies [34,68], but this method is obviously not feasible for engineering because of the huge workload and the financial resource consumption [12]; and 4) Excellent AMF effects generally occur in environmentally controlled experiments, yet in complex habitats of field application, validity and efficiency are unstable, which is the maximum limit of putting mycorrhizal technology into practical application [12,77]. Plant selectivity and interaction with soil microbes of AMF need to be summarized within the scope of pioneer plants in restoration engineering so that determining species arrangement may become easier [82,83].…”