Evaluation of contact exposure as a method for acclimatizing growing pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Vashisht, Kapil; Erlandson, Keith R.; Firkins, Lawrence D.; Zuckermann, Federico A.; Goldberg, Tony L.

doi:10.2460/javma.232.10.1530

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Early in the acclimatization period, gilts can be exposed to viruses through vaccination or live virus injection [10] as well as exposure to viremic nursery pigs [20]. Live virus injection is associated with potential risks such as the spread of other pathogens and increased mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in oral fluid from naturally infected pigs in a breeding herd

et al. 2014

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The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the anatomic localization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in naturally infected pigs and to determine whether oral fluid could be used to detect the virus in infected animals. Two sows, seven 2-month-old grower pigs, and 70 6-month-old gilts were included in this study. PRRSV in sera and oral fluid were identified by nested reverse transcription PCR (nRT-PCR) while lung, tonsil, and tissue associated with oral cavity were subjected to nRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. In sows, PRRSV was identified in oral fluid and tonsils. PRRSV was also detected in oral fluid, tonsils, salivary glands, oral mucosa, and lungs of all seven grower pigs. However, viremia was observed in only two grower pigs. Double staining revealed that PRRSV was distributed in macrophages within and adjacent to the tonsillar crypt epithelium. In gilts, the North American type PRRSV field strain was detected 3 to 8 weeks after introducing these animals onto the farm. These results confirm previous findings that PRRSV primarily replicates in tonsils and is then shed into oral fluid. Therefore, oral fluid sampling may be effective for the surveillance of PRRSV in breeding herds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in oral fluid from naturally infected pigs in a breeding herd

et al. 2014

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“…Gilt introduction in breeding population is the key for PRRS control, consisting of 3 periods: the isolation period, the acclimatization period, and the recovery period (Pesente et al, 2006;Vashisht et al, 2008). The length of each period may range from 30 to 60 days, depending on the age of the replacement animal, the PRRS history of intra and inter farms, and the type and size of farm.…”

Section: Gilt Development and Isolation / Acclimatizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several acclimatization programmes were described, including methods such as: a) feedback with tissues from weak-born piglets and stillbirths in the face of outbreaks, b) use of MLV and inactivated vaccines, c) contact exposure between gilts and weaning pigs that are used as donor sources of virus and d) inoculation of negative replacement animals with serum collected from viremic pigs from the same farm (Dee, 2003;Vashisht et al, 2008). The use of serum containing viable field virus has recently increased due to the increased genetic heterogeneity among PRRSV strains and the perception that commercial vaccines do not induce enough protective cross-protection against newly identified PRRSV strains.…”

Section: Gilt Development and Isolation / Acclimatizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method has inherent risks and requires thoughtful application and high quality control standards (Zimmerman et al, 2006). Consistent acclimatization of incoming breeding stock to PRRSV results in: a) the stabilization of clinical signs, b) the production of PRRSV negative piglets at weaning, c) the prevention of PRRSV outbreaks associated with endemic PRRSV strains, d) the development of specific immunity to the homologous herd strains, and e) the improvement of production parameters (Pesente et al, 2006;Vashisht et al, 2008). It is generally accepted that early exposure (2-4 months of age) can result in the protection of the exposed animals and the introduction of the replacement animals at a time when shedding has stopped.…”

Section: Gilt Development and Isolation / Acclimatizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is generally accepted that early exposure (2-4 months of age) can result in the protection of the exposed animals and the introduction of the replacement animals at a time when shedding has stopped. Therefore, it is recommended that gilts can be purchased and acclimatized at an early age (Vashisht et al, 2008).…”

Section: Gilt Development and Isolation / Acclimatizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Porcine Herd Health Management Practices for the Control of PRRSV Infection

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2012

A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine

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Oral fluid samples used for PRRSV acclimatization program and sow performance monitoring in endemic PRRS-positive farms

Woonwong

Kedkovid

Arunorat

et al. 2017

Trop Anim Health Prod

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An effective gilt acclimatization program is one of the most important management strategies for controlling porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Recently, oral fluid samples have been used as alternative diagnostic samples for various swine diseases. This study utilized oral fluids for PRRSV monitoring during the gilt acclimatization period in PRRSV endemic farms. The study was performed in two selected commercial breeding herds (farm A and farm B). PRRSV RNA and PRRSV-specific antibodies were monitored using oral fluid and serum samples. Sow performance parameters related to PRRSV infection were recorded and assessed. After PRRSV exposure during acclimatization, viral RNA was demonstrated in oral fluids from 1 to 10 weeks post-exposure (WPE). PRRSV RNA was detected in serum at 1 and 4 WPE in farm A and at 1, 4, 8, and 12 WPE in farm B. Prolonged viremia of gilts from farm B was possibly due to re-infection (within the herd) and later, reproductive problems were found in the breeding herd. The correlation of PRRSV RNA concentration in oral fluids and serum was evident. The S/P ratio values of PRRSV antibodies in oral fluid samples were higher and had similar patterns of antibody responses to the serum samples. The results suggest that the use of oral fluid samples for PRRSV monitoring during gilt acclimatization in endemic farms is effective, convenient, practical, and economical and would be most beneficial when used with other parameters.

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Evaluation of contact exposure as a method for acclimatizing growing pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Abstract: Results suggested that contact exposure of 6.5- to 10.5-week-old pigs that had not previously been exposed to PRRS virus to pigs inoculated with endemic PRRS virus may be an efficient acclimatization strategy for controlling outbreaks on commercial farms on which PRRS is endemic.

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in oral fluid from naturally infected pigs in a breeding herd

Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in oral fluid from naturally infected pigs in a breeding herd

Porcine Herd Health Management Practices for the Control of PRRSV Infection

Oral fluid samples used for PRRSV acclimatization program and sow performance monitoring in endemic PRRS-positive farms

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