“…A wide range of methods are available for facilitating the formation of an improved homogeneous and naturally occurring titanium oxide surface layer with a minimum Ni content and a film thickness of up to several hundred nanometers. These methods include chemical passivation, anodizing, laser oxidation, oxidation in boiling water and autoclaves, electropolishing, and deposition [16,18,19,25,26,27,29,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78]. However, these methods cause problems such as reduced biocompatibility, reduced corrosion resistance under cyclic thermal and mechanical loads, and mechanical property degradation [17,28,41,47,48,49,50,56].…”