Evaluation of cryogen spray cooling exposure on in vitro model human skin

Kao, Bunsho; Kelly, Kristen M.; Aguilar, Guillermo; Hosaka, Yoshiaki; Barr, Ronald J.; Nelson, J. Stuart

doi:10.1002/lsm.10245

Cited by 42 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…With this in mind, different studies of CSC have been developed employing computational models [3], epoxy phantoms [4], and more recently an In-Vitro Skin Model (RAFT) [5] to study the effect of short cryogens spurts on HSP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Sub-Zero and Residence Times After Continuous Versus Multiple Intermittent Cryogen Spray Cooling Exposure on Human Skin Phantom

Ramírez-San-Juan

Tuqan

Kelly

et al. 2004

Heat Transfer, Volume 1

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Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during various laser dermatologic surgeries. However, as the application of single or multiple cryogen spurts becomes available on some commercial lasers devices, it is necessary to determine the optimal CSC parameters for different laser surgeries. The objective of this study was to measure the time the sprayed surface of a human skin phantom (HSP) remains below water freezing temperature 0°C, referred to as subzero time (t s ), and below the cryogen boiling temperature -26°C, referred to as residence time (t r ), as well as the minimum surface temperature (T min ) and the time at which T min occurs (t Tmin ) for two HSP-initial temperatures (20 °C and 70 °C) during and after the application of single (SCS) and multiple cryogen spurts (MCS). For this propose, a HSP was used to measure t s , t r , T min , and t Tmin for nine sequences: one SCS of ∆t T = TCT = 40 ms; four MCS sequences, all adding to a ∆t T of 40 ms but with different TCT up to 110 ms and, finally; four SCS that matched the TCT of the four MCS sequences, but lead to different ∆t T . Our results show that the differences between SCS and MCS sequences with the same TCT are negligible for all variables measured (t s , t r , T min , t Tmin ). Moreover, in this interval (40 ms≤ TCT ≤ 110 ms), this variables show a remarkable linear dependence with the TCT. Keywords: dynamic cooling, cooling selectivity, cryo-injury, port wine stain. INTRODUCTIONCSC is particularly necessary for treatment of superficial vascular lesions, since it permits [1]: (1) accurate control of the cryogen application time (typically 5-100 milliseconds) and, consequently, cooling time and; (2) high heat transfer rates as cryogen is deposited onto the skin and evaporates at the sprayed surface. These two characteristics are instrumental to achieve efficient and spatially selective epidermal cooling.Despite these advantages, some authors have expressed concerns that CSC may induce cryo-injury [2]. With this in mind, different studies of CSC have been developed employing computational models [3], epoxy phantoms [4], and more recently an In-Vitro Skin Model (RAFT) [5] to study the effect of short cryogens spurts on HSP.In this work, we investigate systematically the thermal response of skin phantoms by measuring the time (t Tmin ) and magnitude at which the minimum surface temperature (T min ) is reached, as well as the time the sprayed surface remains below 0 °C (subzero time, t s ) and -26 °C (residence time, t r ), and examine the differences between SCS and MCS sequences.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Sub-Zero and Residence Times After Continuous Versus Multiple Intermittent Cryogen Spray Cooling Exposure on Human Skin Phantom

Ramírez-San-Juan

Tuqan

Kelly

et al. 2004

Heat Transfer, Volume 1

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“…The relative magnitude of the sensible to the latent heat in (16) was estimated to be smaller than 16.4% for all experimental conditions. The efficiency of the spray cooling, e sc , is finally calculated by…”

Section: Dimensional Analysis -The Route To Compare With Other Experimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth questioning at this point whether intermittent sprays with short pulse duration allows the vapour to be removed more efficiently from the surface, depending on the frequency and duration of injection, and therefore, attaining higher heat dissipation rates with larger efficiencies, as suggested in [14]. Single cryogen spurts with durations of the order of 10-100 ms are currently used to cool the skin before laser treatments of cutaneous vascular lesions, e.g., Aguillar et al [15] and Kao et al [16], to permit the safe application of laser pulses with high energy. Multiple cryogen spurts allow better control of the surface temperature and avoid excessive sub-cooling, e.g., [17], and were recently found by Ramirez-San-Juan et al [18] and Marajon et al [19] to produce higher cooling rates than continuous sprays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Heat transfer at multiple-intermittent impacts of a hollow cone spray

Moreira¹,

Panão²

2006

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

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“…This was later confirmed also by Franco et al [163] in terms of the uniformity in the protection these sprays could provide when used in conjunction with laser irradiation. Nevertheless, the reader must not forget that non-uniformities in the heat transfer coefficient over the entire spray area exist and depend on the following parameters: geometric parameters such as nozzle diameter-length [164], nozzle-to-skin distance [165] and nozzle angle [162], cryogen spurt duration [166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173], ambient pressure [174][175][176], humidity and frost formation effects [177][178][179][180], skin indentation effects [181,182], and the dynamics of cryogen spray deposition, such as cryogenic spray shape, the droplet velocity and diameter [183]. 3.…”

Section: Physical Model and Mathematical Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Prediction of the Intracellular ICE Formation Zone during Cryosurgery on a Nodular Basal Cell Carcinoma Using Liquid Nitrogen Spray

Sun

Martı́nez-Suástegui

Wang

et al. 2012

International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics

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Cryosurgery is a surgical technique that employs freezing to destroy target tumor tissue. While the main objective during a cryosurgical procedure is to ensure tissue destruction within the cryolesion, the greatest challenge is how to spare the surrounding healthy tissues from cryoablation. In this work, a historical review of the field of cryosurgery is presented followed by a theoretical study where a mathematical model is developed for cryosurgery on a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) using liquid nitrogen (LN 2 ) spray. The model takes into consideration the anatomic structure of skin tissue and the irregular geometry of BCC. In particular, a methodology for quantitatively determining the extent of the intracellular ice formation (IIF) zone based on the tissue temperature and cooling rate (CR) is proposed, which can directly relate to the necrosis of the cancer cells after cryosurgery. The model is then used to analyze formation of the IIF zone during cryosurgery on a BCC and quantification is provided for the volume of the final IIF zone. A parametric study is also carried out to investigate the effect of various protocol parameters on the final IIF zone. The results should be useful for dermatologists for pre-treatment surgery planning.

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Evaluation of cryogen spray cooling exposure on in vitro model human skin

Abstract: Continuous CSC spurts of 80 milliseconds or less induce minimal, if any, epidermal or dermal damage and are unlikely to produce cryo-injury when used during dermatologic laser surgery.

Cited by 42 publications

References 15 publications

Evaluation of Sub-Zero and Residence Times After Continuous Versus Multiple Intermittent Cryogen Spray Cooling Exposure on Human Skin Phantom

Evaluation of Sub-Zero and Residence Times After Continuous Versus Multiple Intermittent Cryogen Spray Cooling Exposure on Human Skin Phantom

Heat transfer at multiple-intermittent impacts of a hollow cone spray

Numerical Prediction of the Intracellular ICE Formation Zone during Cryosurgery on a Nodular Basal Cell Carcinoma Using Liquid Nitrogen Spray

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