Evaluation of cure characteristic, physico‐mechanical, and dielectric properties of calcium copper titanate filled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber composites: Effect of calcium copper titanate loading

Abstract

Calcium copper titanate (CCTO) has been synthesized by high temperature solid‐state reaction from calcium carbonate, copper (II) oxide, and titanium dioxide as the starting materials. The formation and morphology of CCTO were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transformed infrared spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis. In order to develop flexible dielectric materials, acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR)‐based composites were prepared with CCTO content varied from 0 to 120 phr (parts per hundred rubber). The cure characteristics of composites were assessed. High‐dielectric constant CCTO particles were blended into NBR to make composites with improved dielectric constant. Results showed that the NBR/CCTO composites had a high dielectric constant (10–20) with low dielectric loss (<0.4) and low conductivity (<10−3 μS/cm) at frequencies up to 106 Hz. However, the higher CCTO loadings had agglomeration in the NBR matrix, and thus tensile strength and elongation at break sharply deteriorated due to poor rubber‐filler interactions. The results showed lower storage modulus E′ and a reduction in Tg with the incorporation of CCTO in NBR matrix. Moreover, improved thermal stability of the NBR/CCTO composites was achieved. SEM was used to observe the dispersion of CCTO particles in NBR matrix.

Epoxidized natural rubber composites containing K0.15Cr0.02Ni0.83O nanoparticles: Curing characteristics, dynamic mechanical, mechanical, morphological, and dielectric properties

“…In other words, the composites (ENR1.5 and ENR5) appear to phase separate and have less filler-polymer interaction compared to neat ENR. 42 As expected, it is found that tanδ max of ENR1.5 is slightly lower than that of ENR5. T g slightly shifts to a higher value than that of ENR5.…”

“…With KCNO loading, the tensile strength and elongation at break decrease, showing that the filler was unable to transfer stress of the rubber matrix. 42 However, the ENR1.5 specimen shows a slightly higher tensile strength than ENR0.5. These results are supported by E′ and tan δ max of ENR 1.5, which are lower than ENR5, as previously discussed.…”

The role of chemical microstructures and compositions on the actuation performance of dielectric elastomers: A materials research perspective

“…The possible shortcoming of employing CCTO at higher concentration was the agglomeration of the particles that led to a compromise in the mechanical properties of the resulting DE. [ 85 ] In addition, ferrite fillers (spinel ferrites) were also observed to be promising candidate for the fabrication of dielectric rubber composites. Spinel ferrites are also employed with both natural and synthetic rubbers, namely styrene butadiene styrene (SBR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), etc.…”

Modern Synthesis and Sintering Techniques of Calcium Copper Titanium Oxide (CaCu3Ti4O12) Ceramics and Its Current Trend in Prospective Applications: A Mini-Review

“…Several attempts have been made to synthesize materials with a dielectric constant in broad ranges of temperatures and frequencies. Other applications, including the synthetic rock used for storing nuclear waste and for various catalytic applications like partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons [86][87][88]. Luangchuang et al reported improved flexible dielectric materials using polar NBR as the matrix owing to its high dielectric constant, processability, and thermal resistance.…”