Evaluation of Cyclophosphamide on the Behavior and Reproduction of Daphnia magna

Abstract

Anticancer drugs in waters may increase potential threats on the future persistence of aquatic organism with their actions on cell death in targeted cell types of neoplasia, such as cyclophosphamide (CP). The potential adverse effects of CP may be exacerbated by the enhanced detection frequency and levels in different waters. Thus, the mechanisms of CP on the Daphnia magna are elucidated in this study. Our results found aspartic acid, citric acid, tyrosine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, phenyl-acetaldehyde, phenyl-acetylglutamine, trans-cinnamate, and methionine as core metabolites identified in response to CP by LC-MS-based metabolic analysis, implying the disruption of amino acid, energy, and lipid metabolism pathways. Differentially expressed genes by transcriptomic analysis were mainly associated with the nervous system and lipid metabolism. For the behavior and reproduction performances, CP not only increased the light response and swimming velocity of D. magna but also delayed the time to first brood, decreased the number of broods, and increased the number of neonates per brood. Overall, our findings suggest that CP alters the behavior and reproduction, the metabolites, and transcriptional expression associated with the nervous system and metabolism pathways and provides some evidence on the mechanisms of CP toxicity in D. magna and perhaps other zooplankton.

Developmental toxicity of the emerging contaminant cyclophosphamide and the integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) in zebrafish

“…2 Pharmaceuticals (including CP) are unlikely to cause lethal toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations; however, they could cause toxic effects on non-target organisms. [16][17][18] Like other emerging chemicals, due to their low concentrations in the aquatic environment, there is a research gap on the potential toxic effects of CP on non-target organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations.…”