Evaluation of Diagnostic Modalities for SARS-Cov-2: A Review Study

Abstract

Background and aims: In late December 2019, a cluster of progressive pneumonia-like respiratory syndromes broke out in Wuhan, China. As the number of cases continued to rise, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared a global public health emergency. The causative agent, i.e., SARS-CoV-2, is a highly contagious strain, which has resulted in the rapid worldwide outbreak of COVID-19. COVID-19 is an overwhelmingly transmissible disease that requires early and accurate diagnosis for proper and timely treatment of suspected cases. Materials and Methods: In order to accessthe scientific documentation and evidence related to the subject published during 2019 to 2021, English keywords including "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "Diagnosis", "Immunoglobulin G (IgG)", "Immunoglobulin M (IgM)", and ‘Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)" were searched in Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases and Persian versions of these keywords were also looked for in Jihad-e Daneshgahi’s Scientific Information Database (SID) and Iranian Journals database (Magiran). Results: With respect to diagnosis, serum antibody assays, nucleic acid sequencing, and radiologic evaluation are among the most reliable methods to rule out the disease in suspicious cases. This review is a synopsis of the pathogenesis of coronavirus, which will mainly focus on the diagnostic methods, as well as laboratory changes in immunoglobulins, polymerase chain reaction results, and computed tomography (CT) findings. Conclusion: Early diagnosis matters in that it not only contributes to the prevention of further transmission of the virus by asymptomatic carriers but also paves the way for clinicians to accurately choose the best therapeutic approach depending on the status of the patients.

VDR gene polymorphisms are associated with the increased susceptibility to COVID‐19 among iranian population: A case‐control study

“…The Coronavirus can target the upper and lower respiratory tract and cause disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to critical conditions in infected individuals. Interestingly, COVID‐19 has no specific clinical symptoms compared to common viral respiratory diseases (Sheervalilou, Ahmadzadeh et al., 2021 ; Sheervalilou et al., 2022 ). Studies have shown that old age and having the underlying disease (some morbidity) are related to the severity of COVID‐19 (Heidari Nia et al., 2022 ; Sargazi et al., 2021 ).…”

Single nucleotide polymorphisms located in TNFA, IL1RN, IL6R, and IL6 genes are associated with COVID‐19 risk and severity in an Iranian population

“…At the moment, there is no definite treatment to stop SARS‐CoV‐2 replication (Sheervalilou et al, 2021 ). Interestingly, molecular docking and structural dynamics experiments have shown that a variety of bioactive compounds (Bhardwaj et al, 2021 ; Bhardwaj et al, 2021a , 2021b ; Sharma et al, 2021 ) or chemically synthesized (Bhardwaj et al, 2021 ) or turmeric‐derived (Singh, Bhardwaj & Purohit, 2021 ) compounds with good docking scores could bind to different proteins of the virus, and therefore, phonetically inhibit its replication (Singh, Bhardwaj, Das et al, 2021 ).…”