Evaluation of Dyslipidaemia Using an Algorithm of Lipid Profile Measures among Newly Diagnosed Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study at Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital, Ghana

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Dyslipidaemia and its associated complications have been reported to increase mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, there is a dearth of data on the incidence of dyslipidemia among Ghanaian patients with T2DM. This study evaluated dyslipidemia among newly diagnosed T2DM patients at Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital, Ghana. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited a total of 215 participants at the Presbyterian Hospital, Dormaa-Ghana. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to collect demographic data. Predisposing factors of dyslipidemia such as BMI, hypertension, and family history of diabetes were also obtained. Lipid profile was performed on the serum obtained from each respondent. Dyslipidaemia was defined as total cholesterol (TC) >200 mg/dL, triglyceride (TG) >150 mg/dL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) >100 mg/dL, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) <40 in males and <50 mg/dL in females. Combinations of the individual parameters of dyslipidaemia were further evaluated. Results: Of the total (215) participants, 86 (40%) were males and 129 (60%) were females, representing a ratio of 1:1.5. High total cholesterol was more prevalent in females (69.0%) than males (53.5%). Generally, dyslipidaemia was predominant among those aged >40 years, with the exception of increased LDL-c (25.1%), which was higher among the 20–40 years age group. The male participants exhibited significantly (p < 0.001) higher percentages of all combined measures of dyslipidaemia—such as high TG and reduced HDL-c (77.9%), high TG and elevated LDL-c (75.6%) and high LDL and low HDL (65.1%). BMI was significantly associated with HDL levels (p = 0.02), whereas family history of diabetes was associated with TC (p = 0.004) and TG levels (p = 0.019). Conclusion: Combined dyslipidaemia is relatively high among newly diagnosed T2DM patients in Ghana, and in those >40 years. Gender is significantly associated with combined dyslipidaemia in T2DM, and males may be at a higher risk than females. BMI and family history of diabetes are potential risk factors of dyslipidaemia in T2DM.

The pattern of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with elevated levels of non-HDL-cholesterol among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Ho municipality: A cross sectional study

“…In our study, the frequency of atherogenic dyslipidaemia, isolated dyslipidaemias and mixed dyslipidaemias was 10.5%, 58.09% and 53.33%, respectively ( Table 3 ). The pattern of dyslipidaemia observed in this study is consistent with results from different parts of Ghana [ 36 , 37 , 38 ], in Africa [ 4 ] and Asia [ 34 , 39 ]. The existence of atherogenic dyslipidaemia is linked to apolipoprotein B level, leading to a shift of the LDL pool toward small, dense, cholesterol-ester depleted LDL, believed to be more atherogenic and a higher risk for arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Prevalence, knowledge, and lifestyle‐associated risk factors of dyslipidemia among Ghanaian type‐2 diabetes mellitus patients in rural and urban areas: A multicenter cross‐sectional study

“…Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke 25 . In Ghana, there is limited data on the prevalence of dyslipidemia among patients with diabetes 14,26 . Previous studies have shown that prevalence of dyslipidemia is associated with sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle behaviors 27–29 .…”

“…The rise in the number of diabetes‐associated dyslipidemia cases is due to rapid urbanization and the adoption of western diet and lifestyle, 12,13 and this is gaining prominence in Ghana. A previous study conducted by Anto and colleagues among the Ghanaian population found that dyslipidemia was associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and family history of diabetes 14 . Similarly, an Ethiopian study linked dyslipidemia among individuals with diabetes to factors such as age, gender, obesity, and the duration of living with the condition 15 …”

“…A previous study conducted by Anto and colleagues among the Ghanaian population found that dyslipidemia was associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and family history of diabetes. 14 Similarly, an Ethiopian study linked dyslipidemia among individuals with diabetes to factors such as age, gender, obesity, and the duration of living with the condition. 15 Despite these findings in the general population, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with T2DM, particularly in rural areas, in comparison to urban dwellers.…”

Dyslipidemia: A Trigger for Coronary Heart Disease in Romanian Patients with Diabetes

“…Billimek et al (2015) showed that females diagnosed with T2DM are less likely to achieve target goals for lipids, and also had a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia versus men [15]. Anto et al (2019) reported that dyslipidemia is more prevalent in diabetic males rather than females and that subjects aged 40 or elder are particularly affected by lipid disturbances [16]. In terms of CHD prevalence, Li et al (2017) described an 18.1% prevalence of CHD in diabetic males and 10.4% in diabetic females, and that CHD is found in 19.6% of the subjects aged ≥65 years versus 10.3% in the subjects aged 18 to 64 years.…”