Evaluation of effectiveness of a facet wiring technique: Anin vitro biomechanical investigation

Goel, Vijay K.; Clark, Charles R.; Harris, Kurt G.; Kim, Y. E.; Schulte, Kary R.

doi:10.1007/bf02368022

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Experimental data previously available to investigators was often a mixture of young specimens with old specimens. 17,40,53 According to Cusick,9,10 Friedenberg, 13 Gore, 20 and Matsumoto et al, 34 a majority of people over 50 years have at least one level of spondylotic degeneration. Now however there is a data set from specimens free of degenerative disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Validation of a Finite Element Model of the Young Normal Lower Cervical Spine

et al. 2008

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A Finite Element Model (FEM) of the young adult human cervical spine has been developed as a first step in studying the process of spondylotic degeneration. The model was developed using normal geometry and material properties for the lower cervical spine. The model used a three-zone composite disc annulus to reflect the different material properties of the anterior, posterior, and lateral regions of the annulus. Nonlinear ligaments were implemented with a toe region to help the model achieve greater flexibility at low loads. The model was validated against experimental data for normal, nondegenerated cervical spines tested in flexion and extension, right and left lateral bending, and right and left axial rotation at loads of 0.33, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Nm. The model was within in vitro experimental standard deviation corridors 100% of the load range for right and left lateral bending. The model was within 80% of the load response corridors for extension and flexion with a deviation <0.3 degrees from the SD corridors. For axial rotation, the model was within 70% of the SD corridors for left axial rotation within 83% of right axial rotation responses. The deviation from SD corridors for axial rotation was generally <0.2 degrees.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Validation of a Finite Element Model of the Young Normal Lower Cervical Spine

et al. 2008

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“…It is very difficult to compare previously reported in vitro data of research groups, because of variations between the study protocols. For example, the applied moments for in vitro testing of cervical spine specimens vary over a wide range, from ± 0.3 Nm [4,5] through ± 0.45 Nm [22], ± 2.5 Nm [1,14], ± 3.0 Nm [11] to ± 4.5 Nm [25,26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load-displacement properties of the normal and injured lower cervical spine in vitro

Richter¹,

Wilke

Kluger³

et al. 2000

European Spine Journal

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IntroductionThe discoligamentous structures of the cervical spine are often involved in cervical spine injuries, for example in whiplash injuries. Although standard clinical imaging techniques, especially nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allow the detection of discoligamentous injuries [9,13,24,30,31], few biomechanical data exist concerning the significance of the different discoligamentous structures for the load-displacement properties of the cervical spine under physiological loads. Several studies have been carried out to evaluate the load-displacement properties of the normal lower cervical spine in vitro [6,15,17,19,25] and in vivo [2,3,12,20], as well as in different types of artificial defect situations [6,18,26,32]. Variations in the study designs with regard to testing protocol and type of artificial defect make comparison between the different studies difficult. Few studies have tested artificial discoligamentous defects in the lower cervical spine under near-physiological loads [25,26,32].The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the type and amount of instability caused by injury of different discoligamentous structures of the cervical spine in comparison to the intact cervical spine.Abstract The objective of this study was to determine which discoligamentous structures of the lower cervical spine provide significant stability with regard to different loading conditions. Accordingly, the loaddisplacement properties of the normal and injured lower cervical spine were tested in vitro. Four artificially created stages of increasing discoligamentous instability of the segment C5/6 were compared to the normal C5/6 segment. Six fresh human cadaver spine segments C4-C7 were tested in flexion/extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending using pure moments of ± 2.5 Nm without axial preload. Five conditions were investigated consecutively: (1) the intact functional spinal unit (FSU) C5/6; (2) the FSU C5/6 with the anterior longitudinal ligament and the intertransverse ligaments sectioned; (3) the FSU C5/6 with an additional 10-mm-deep incision of the anterior half of the anulus fibrosus and the disc; (4) the FSU C5/6 with additionally sectioned ligamenta flava as well as interspinous and supraspinous ligaments; (5) the FSU C5/6 with additional capsulotomy of the facet joints. In flexion/extension, significant differences were observed concerning range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) for all four stages of instability compared to the intact FSU. In axial rotation, only the stage 4 instability showed a significantly increased ROM and NZ compared to the intact FSU. For lateral bending, no significant differences were observed. Based on these data, we conclude that flexion/extension is the most sensitive load-direction for the tested discoligamentous instabilities.

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“…When creating a FE model for a disease-free spine, it is important to use data from disease-free specimens. In the experimental studies of Camacho et al (1997), Goel et al (1989), Nightingale et al (2002), Panjabi et al (1994) and Winkelstein and Myers (2000), spines free of ''serious disease'' were used. However, only in the study of Goel et al was Cusick (1998), a majority of people over 50 years have at least one level of spondylotic degeneration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%