Evaluation of electrically polar substances by electric scanning force microscopy. Part I: Measurement signals due to maxwell stress

Franke, K.; Weihnacht, M.

doi:10.1080/07315179508205938

Cited by 64 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Early work on SPM of ferroelectrics had already contained sufficient indicators that in some cases, the origin of the observed contrast could be more complicated, as evidenced by the early work of Franke 43,44 and Khim 45 postulating a strong electrostatic contribution to the contact-mode signal, work by Kalinin and Bonnell on Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy of ferroelectric surfaces during phase transitions and domain wall motion, 60, 61, 74-76 a set of work by a group at Argonne on chemical screening, 78,79,[226][227][228][229] and certain PFM observations such as back-switching and formation of bubble domains.…”

Section: Related Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[54][55][56][57][58] It was recognized by several groups that the fundamental characteristics of ferroelectrics, namely electromechanical coupling 41,59 , polarization dependent surface charge density, 43,44,[60][61][62] polarization dependent surface chemistry and friction, [63][64][65][66][67][68][69] or optical properties 70 could be employed as a basis for detection in SPM. A number of authors reported the difference in friction properties between dissimilar ferroelectric domains, enabling high (sub-10 nm) resolution of domain structures of materials such as GASH (guanidinium aluminum sulfate hexahydrate), TGS (triglycine sulfate), etc.…”

Section: Iia Basic Pfmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: Why so many materials exhibit “ferroelectricity” on the nanoscale

Vasudevan

Balke

Maksymovych

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Reviews

270

206

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Ferroelectric materials have remained one of the foci of condensed matter physics and materials science for over 50 years. In the last 20 years, the development of voltage-modulated scanning probe microscopy techniques, exemplified by Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and associated time-and voltage spectroscopies, opened a pathway to explore these materials on a single-digit nanometer level. Consequently, domain structures, walls and polarization dynamics can now be imaged in real space. More generally, PFM has allowed studying electromechanical coupling in a broad variety of materials ranging from ionics to biological systems. It can also be anticipated that the recent Nobel prize 1 in molecular electromechanical machines will result in rapid growth in interest in PFM as a method to probe their behavior on single device and device assembly levels. However, the broad introduction of PFM also resulted in a growing number of reports on nearly-ubiquitous presence of ferroelectric-like phenomena including remnant polar states and electromechanical hysteresis loops in materials which are non-ferroelectric in the bulk, or in cases where size effects are expected to suppress ferroelectricity. While in certain cases plausible physical mechanisms can be suggested, there is remarkable similarity in observed behaviors, irrespective of the materials system. In this review, we summarize the basic principles of PFM, briefly discuss the features of ferroelectric surfaces salient to PFM imaging and spectroscopy, and summarize existing reports on ferroelectric-like responses in non-classical ferroelectric materials. We further discuss possible mechanisms behind observed behaviors, and possible experimental strategies for their identification.3

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Section: Related Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Iia Basic Pfmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: Why so many materials exhibit “ferroelectricity” on the nanoscale

Vasudevan

Balke

Maksymovych

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Reviews

270

206

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“…where A pi is the electromechanical (piezoelectric) amplitude, A es is the electrostatic amplitude, 20,26 and A nl is the non-local contribution due to capacitive interaction between the sample surface and the cantilever assembly. 27 Discussion of the magnitudes of each factor in Equation 3 are discussed in detail in papers by Hong 28 and Kalinin.…”

Section: B Samples and Measurement Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale piezoelectric response across a single antiparallel ferroelectric domain wall

2005

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Surprising asymmetry in the local electromechanical response across a single antiparallel ferroelectric domain wall is reported. Piezoelectric force microscopy is used to investigate both the in-plane and out-of-plane electromechanical signals around domain walls in congruent and near-stoichiometric lithium niobate. The observed asymmetry is shown to have a strong correlation to crystal stoichiometry, suggesting defect-domain wall interactions. A defect-dipole model is proposed. Finite element method is used to simulate the electromechanical processes at the wall and reconstruct the images. For the near-stoichiometric composition, good agreement is found in both form and magnitude. Some discrepancy remains between the experimental and modeling widths of the imaged effects across a wall. This is analyzed from the perspective of possible electrostatic contributions to the imaging process, as well as local changes in the material properties in the vicinity of the wall.

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“…There are two kinds of scientific revolutions, those driven by new concepts and those driven by new tools." 28 In ferroelectricity, the revolution driven by new tools was brought about by seminal works by G€ uthner and Dransfeld, 29 Kolosov and Gruverman, 30 and others, [31][32][33] whose early work ushered the era of piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). The combination of extreme sensitivity of modern scanning probe microscopes to picometer-scale vertical and lateral surface displacements combined with intrinsic coupling between polarization and electromechanical activity allows for mapping domains structure and probing time-and voltage-dependent polarization dynamics, as summarized in several recent reviews and books.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preface to Special Topic: Piezoresponse Force Microscopy and Nanoscale Phenomena in Polar Materials

Kalinin

Kholkin

2012

Journal of Applied Physics

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Evaluation of electrically polar substances by electric scanning force microscopy. Part I: Measurement signals due to maxwell stress

Cited by 64 publications

References 5 publications

Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: Why so many materials exhibit “ferroelectricity” on the nanoscale

Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: Why so many materials exhibit “ferroelectricity” on the nanoscale

Nanoscale piezoelectric response across a single antiparallel ferroelectric domain wall

Preface to Special Topic: Piezoresponse Force Microscopy and Nanoscale Phenomena in Polar Materials

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