Evaluation of electrolytes for redox flow battery applications

Chakrabarti, Mohammed Harun; Dryfe, Robert A. W.; Roberts, Edward P.L.

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2006.08.052

Cited by 231 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The H-type cell is commonly utilized to screen electrolytes for prototype RFB experiments. 3,31,32 6 mm diameter graphite rod electrodes were utilized as both anode and cathode for the charge-discharge of the H-type cell. The distance between the two electrodes in the H-type cell was 9 mm.…”

Section: Journal Of the Electrochemical Society 163 (5) A632-a638 (2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Non-aqueous electrolytic solvents offer a wide potential window of operation and increase the energy capacity of the system. [2][3][4] In contrast to organic systems which are either scarce or environmentally unfriendly, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as a relatively new class of non-aqueous electrolytes for energy storage applications. [5][6][7][8][9] ILs are salts that are liquid below 100…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Ammonium- and Phosphonium-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Electrolytes for a Non-Aqueous All-Vanadium Redox Cell

Bahadori

Hashim

Manan

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The charge/discharge characteristics for vanadium acetylacetonate in deep eutectic solvents were evaluated using an H-cell with an anion-exchange membrane separator for the first time. Coulombic (CE) and energy efficiencies (EE) of the electrolyte containing V(acac) 3 /0.5 M TEABF 4 in DES3 (a hydrogen bonded eutectic between choline chloride and ethylene glycol) were obtained as 49-52% and 25-31%, respectively, when charging from 0 to 50% of theoretical maximum state-of-charge for 12 cycles. The low CE may be due to the crossover of the active species through the separator, or to the loss of active vanadium due to a parasitic reaction. However, the CE was similar to that for acetonitrile (CH 3 CN) indicating the promise of DESs as suitable electrolytes for future evaluation. Charge and discharge voltages are respectively higher and lower than the formal cell potential obtained by voltammetry. Ohmic drop in the DES results from the low conductivity of the electrolyte and the relatively large distance between the two electrodes in the H-cell. Further studies require investigation in a flow cell with analyses of polarization curves and impedance to determine the loss mechanisms in sufficient detail. Low energy density is often reported as a barrier in the commercialization of redox flow batteries using current aqueous electrolytes. Non-aqueous electrolytic solvents offer a wide potential window of operation and increase the energy capacity of the system.2-4 In contrast to organic systems which are either scarce or environmentally unfriendly, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as a relatively new class of non-aqueous electrolytes for energy storage applications. [5][6][7][8][9] ILs are salts that are liquid below 100• C. ILs have many favorable characteristics, e.g., low volatility, high intrinsic conductivity, large electrochemical window, etc. In addition, ILs can be tuned by combining different cations and anions. However, many reports point out the hazardous toxicity and the poor biodegradability of most ILs.7 ILs with high purity are also required since impurities, even in trace amounts, affect their physical properties. Additionally, their synthesis is not entirely environmentally friendly since it generally requires a large amount of salts and solvents in order to completely exchange the anions.10 These drawbacks together with the high price of common ILs unfortunately hamper their industrial applications. Such issues may be overcome by using deep eutectic solvents (DESs). 11,12A DES is a eutectic mixture of an organic salt (ammonium or phosphonium) and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), that is made up of different components such as amides, metallic salts, alcohols, carboxylic acids and amines that may be used as complexing agents (typically an H-bond donor).13,14 DESs have a melting point that is far below that of either individual constituent. The mechanism is that the complexing agent interacts with the anion and increases its effective size. This, in turn, decreases the anionic interaction with the cation ther...

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Section: Journal Of the Electrochemical Society 163 (5) A632-a638 (2mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Ammonium- and Phosphonium-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Electrolytes for a Non-Aqueous All-Vanadium Redox Cell

Bahadori

Hashim

Manan

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Rejection region: {Z ∈ to any other region} (13) Once exposed to perform hypothesis testing, this has to be applied. The mean speed at every channel is represented by a histogram; therefore, this plot represents the difference among channels, and with a simple glance detects which MCS are quite different among themselves.…”

Section: Equation 12 and 13 Summarize The Main Ideas In Hypothesis Tementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The uniformity of flow has a significant influence on the most important parameters of performance in the cell: the effective area of the electrode; the strength and efficiency; the useful life of the battery and electrochemical polarization (particularly under high current density variation [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology to optimize fluid-dynamic design in a redox cell

Escudero-González

Jiménez

2014

Journal of Power Sources

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The present work is aimed at the optimization of a redox cell design. The studied redox cell consists on a device designed to convert the energy of reactants into electrical energy when a liquid electrolyte reacts at the electrode in a conventional manner. In this particular sort of cells, the two electrolytes are present and separated by a proton exchange membrane. Therefore, the flow of the electrolyte and the interaction with the membrane takes a paramount importance for the general performance of the cell. A methodology for designing the inlet part of the cell based on optimizing the uniformity of the flow and the initial position of the membrane is presented in this study. This methodology, based on the definition and optimization of several parameters related to the electrolyte flow in different regions of the geometry, is depicted. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model coupled with the statistical study pointed to several practical conclusions on how to improve the final geometry construction of the redox cell. A particular case study of redox cell is implemented in order to validate the proposed methodology.

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“…Using this approach, many anionic selective polymeric membranes (AEM) were developed and made commercially available for N-ARFBs, such as Neosepta AHA (Astom, Japan), FAP4 (FuMaTech Co.), and AMI-7001 (Membrane International Inc., USA), which were investigated in N-ARFB systems using a conventional H-type cell. [7][8][9] On the other hand, they showed poor chemical and mechanical stability in organic electrolytes. 1 Through a zero-gap (electrodes coated on the membrane) redox flow battery prototype design, the modified Nafion 1035 membrane could be operated in all VRFB with columbic and energy efficiencies of 91% and 80%, respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Na-β-Alumina as a Separator in the Development of All-Vanadium Non-Aqueous Tubular Redox Flow Batteries: An Electrochemical and Charging-Discharging Examination Using a Prototype Tubular Redox Flow Cell

Muthuraman

Boyeol

Moon

2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The non-aqueous redox flow battery (N-ARFB) is in the development stages with aim to produce high power density storage systems. In addition to the development of N-ARFBs, this study examined the applicability of a sodium beta alumina (Na-β-Al 2 O 3 ) membrane in the development of a N-ARFB through an analysis of the electrochemical processes, redox active species migration, and charging/discharging at room temperature (25 ± 3 • C). Through impedance analysis, the ionic conductivity of the Na-β-Al 2 O 3 was 2.97 × 10 −2 S cm −1 which is slightly higher than the literature value. UV-Visible analysis showed no migration of the vanadium acetylacetonate (V(acac) 3 ) ion from one compartment to another, either during the charging or discharging process. In addition, the lack of a change in the morphology of the spent membrane revealed not only stability, but also confirmed no permeation of V(acac) 3 species. The maximum applied current density for charging and discharging was 0.01 mA cm −2 and 0.0015 mA cm −2 , respectively. The charging/discharging of V(acac) 3 enables voltage and current efficiencies of almost 16% and 11% respectively, at the state of charge of 15%. This demonstrates that the Na-β-Al 2 O 3 membrane can be improved for use in N-ARFB after optimizing the conditions. © The Author The non-aqueous redox flow battery (N-ARFB) is in the development stages with the strong potential for high power density (>2 V) N-ARFB that can store energy from non-conventional sources, such as wind mills and solar power. 1 Although the development of N-ARFBs has attracted considerable interest, such as redox active species selection, 2 electrolyte development, 2,3 and solvent selection, 4 the identification of a suitable membrane is one of the crucial factors because of the crossover of redox active species. [4][5][6] The oxidation state of most redox active metal organic complexes (RAMOCs) is negative, which means that there is theoretically less migration on membranes with the same polarity but the transport of oppositely charged negative ions is allowed. Using this approach, many anionic selective polymeric membranes (AEM) were developed and made commercially available for N-ARFBs, such as Neosepta AHA (Astom, Japan), FAP4 (FuMaTech Co.), and AMI-7001 (Membrane International Inc., USA), which were investigated in N-ARFB systems using a conventional H-type cell. [7][8][9] On the other hand, they showed poor chemical and mechanical stability in organic electrolytes. 1 Through a zero-gap (electrodes coated on the membrane) redox flow battery prototype design, the modified Nafion 1035 membrane could be operated in all VRFB with columbic and energy efficiencies of 91% and 80%, respectively. 10 A polymeric membrane prepared by a simultaneous polymerization and quarternization method showed low vanadium permeability while retaining good dimensional and chemical stability in N-ARFB. 11 In addition to crosslinking, a pore-filled polyvinyl chloride (PVC) AEM exhibited high ion conductivity and V(III)(acetylacetonate) 3 (V(acac) ...

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Evaluation of electrolytes for redox flow battery applications

Cited by 231 publications

References 23 publications

Investigation of Ammonium- and Phosphonium-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Electrolytes for a Non-Aqueous All-Vanadium Redox Cell

Investigation of Ammonium- and Phosphonium-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Electrolytes for a Non-Aqueous All-Vanadium Redox Cell

Methodology to optimize fluid-dynamic design in a redox cell

Na-β-Alumina as a Separator in the Development of All-Vanadium Non-Aqueous Tubular Redox Flow Batteries: An Electrochemical and Charging-Discharging Examination Using a Prototype Tubular Redox Flow Cell

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