Evaluation of extraction methods for recovery of fatty acids from lipid-producing microheterotrophs

Lewis, Thomas E.; Nichols, Peter D.; McMeekin, TA

doi:10.1016/s0167-7012(00)00217-7

Cited by 363 publications

(263 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Extraction and Fractionation of Lipids-Extraction of lipids from bacterial cells was carried out using the method of Bligh and Dyer (37), modified by Lewis et al (38). The lipid extract was evaporated to dryness under a gentle stream of nitrogen and dissolved in chloroform to give a concentration of 10 mg of total lipids per milliliter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Iso-branched Ether Lipids as Specific Markers of Developmental Sporulation in the Myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus

Ring

Schwär

Thiel

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Myxobacteria are Gram-negative soil bacteria that can form fruiting bodies under starvation conditions (1). These fruiting bodies are visible to the naked eye and can reach a tree-like complexity in some species. During the developmental process, a certain amount of vegetative cells differentiates into heat-and desiccation-resistant myxospores enabling the survival of the colony. The model organism to study this highly complex process is Myxococcus xanthus from which different extracellular signals and regulators have already been described that can be combined in a model likely reflecting the essential parts of the underlying regulatory network (2, 3). However, the biochemical changes that are involved in this process or appear as a result of it have been barely identified. That biochemical changes occur is evident from change in cell shape from vegetative rods to round myxospores with thick spore coats (4, 5) and high amounts of trehalose (6), which is proposed to act as a compatible solute. Furthermore, the pioneering work of White and co-workers (7-9) showed that several enzymes involved in increase of carbohydrate biosynthesis are induced during sporulation.Ten years ago, Downard and coworkers identified a mutant that was disrupted in the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (Bkd) 2 complex, which resulted in a developmental phenotype forming almost no aggregates or spores under starvation conditions (10). The Bkd complex is involved in the degradation of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine, with all three being essential amino acids for M. xanthus (11). The degradation products of these amino acids are isovaleryl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA, and 2-methylbutyryl-CoA, respectively (12), which are used as starting units for iso-and anteiso-fatty acids and also for several secondary metabolites from different bacteria (e.g. avermectin from Streptomyces avermitilis (13) or myxothiazol (14), myxalamides (15), and aurafuron * This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grants Bo1834/3-1 and Bo1834/4-1 (to H. B. B.) and Schu984/6-1 (to S. S.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. □ S The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental text and references. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 49-681-302-5494; Fax:49-681-302-5473; E-mail: h.bode@mx.uni-saarland.de.2 The abbreviations used are: Bkd, branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase; FA, fatty acid; SCFA, straight-chain fatty acid; FAME, fatty acid methyl ester; IVA, isovalerate;

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Iso-branched Ether Lipids as Specific Markers of Developmental Sporulation in the Myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus

Ring

Schwär

Thiel

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…This extraction can be classified into five steps: (1) the microalgae are exposed to the solvents, which penetrate the cell membrane and enter the cytoplasm; (2) the solvent interacts with neutral lipids via van der Waal's forces to form a solvent-lipid complex; (3) this complex diffuses across the cell membrane, such that the neutral lipids enter the organic phase, while water and solvent-contaminant complexes (with carbohydrates or proteins) enter the aqueous phase; (4) the organic phase is further separated; and (5) crude lipids are transesterified to generate biodiesel (Lewis et al, 2000;Halim et al, 2012;Bahadar and Khan, 2013). However, the disadvantages of using chemical solvents are mostly related to their high toxicity to humans and the surrounding environment.…”

Section: Organic Solvent Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review: Microalgae and Their Applications in CO2 Capture and Renewable Energy

Klinthong

Yang

Huang

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

217

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Fossil fuels, which are recognized as unsustainable sources of energy, are continuously consumed and decreased with increasing fuel demands. Microalgae have great potential as renewable fuel sources because they possess rapid growth rate and the ability to store high-quality lipids and carbohydrates inside their cells for biofuel production. Microalgae can be cultivated on opened or closed systems and require nutrients and CO 2 that may be supplied from wastewater and fossil fuel combustion. In addition, CO 2 capture via photosynthesis to directly fix carbon into microalgae has also attracted the attention of researchers. The conversion of CO 2 into chemical and fuel (energy) products without pollution via this approach is a promising way to not only reduce CO 2 emissions but also generate more economic value. The harvested microalgal biomass can be converted into biofuel products, such as biohydrogen, biodiesel, biomethanol, bioethanol, biobutanol and biohydrocarbons. Thus, microalgal cultivation can contribute to CO 2 fixation and can be a source of biofuels. This article reviews the literature on microalgae that were cultivated using captured CO 2 , technologies related to the production of biofuels from microalgae and the possible commercialization of microalgae-based biofuels to demonstrate the potential of microalgae. In this respect, a number of relevant topics are addressed: the nature of microalgae (e.g., species and composition); CO 2 capture via microalgae; the techniques for microalgal cultivation, harvesting and pretreatment; and the techniques for lipid extraction and biofuel production. The strategies for biofuel commercialization are proposed as well.

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“…The samples were centrifuged to 3,000 rpm for 15 min. The organic fractions were pooled, and hexane (HPLC grade, Darmstadt -Germany) was added to obtain a fi nal volume of 1.0 mL (Lewis et al 2000).…”

Section: Preparation Of Fatty Acid Methyl Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acid methyl esters extracted from the cuticular surface of Artemia franciscana (Kellogs, 1906) (Crustacea: Anostraca) increase the swim speed of conspecific males

et al. 2016

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Previous researches have established that the swim speed of some microcrustaceans is infl uenced by chemical compounds emitted by conspecifi cs. We examined the hypothesis that cuticular compounds present on the body surface of A. franciscana, the most widespread member of Artemia genus, play a role in the swim speed of conspecifi c males. The movements (swim) of one male confronted to a sponge soaked with female or male cuticular extract, were recorded during 30 minutes and the swim speed was determined using a behavioral tracking software (Ethovision 3.1, Noldus Technologies). As a control, the movements of one male confronted to a sponge soaked with salty water or with a mixture of the solvents used in the extraction (chloroform-methanol), was recorded. The results showed that cuticular compounds from either female or male increase 1.5 (ca.) times the swim speed of males in comparison with the controls treatments salty water and the solvents. There was no a signifi cant difference between the controls (salty water and chloroform-methanol). Chemical characterization was developed by sterifi cation of the cuticular extracts and analyses by GC-FID and GC-MS. Four saturated fatty acid (myristic acid, palmitic acid, estearic acid, arachidic acid) and fi ve insaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, linoleic acid 3n3, cis-11-eicosanoic acid, euric acid) were identifi ed. Myristic acid was found in female cuticular extract, but not in male cuticular extract. Results suggest that chemical compounds present in the cuticular surface of A. franciscana females could have an important role in the intra-specifi c recognition in this specie. KEYWORDS:Artemia, swimming speed, cuticular compounds, fatty acids, chemical communication. RESUMENInvestigaciones anteriores han establecido que la velocidad de nado de algunos microcrustáceos se encuentra infl uenciada por compuestos químicos emitidos por conespecífi cos. Nosotros examinamos la hipótesis de que los compuestos cuticulares presentes sobre la superfi cie corporal de A. franciscana, el miembro con mayor distribución mundial del genero Artemia, juega un rol en la velocidad de nado de machos conespecífi cos. Los movimientos nado de un macho confrontado a una esponja empapada con extracto cuticular de una hembra o de un macho, fueron grabados durante 30 minutos y la velocidad de nado fue determinada usando un software de rastreo conductual (Ethovision 3.1, Noldus Technologies). Como control, fueron grabados los movimientos de un macho confrontado a una esponja empapada con agua de mar artifi cial o con una mezcla de los solventes usados en la extracción (cloroformo-metanol). Los resultados mostraron que los compuestos cuticulares tanto de hembras como de machos incrementan 1,5 veces (aproximadamente) la velocidad de nado de los machos, en comparación con los experimentos control donde se uso agua de mar artifi cial y los solventes de la extracción. No hubo diferencias signifi cativas entre los controles (agua de mar artifi cial y cloroformo-metanol). La cara...

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Evaluation of extraction methods for recovery of fatty acids from lipid-producing microheterotrophs

Cited by 363 publications

References 25 publications

Novel Iso-branched Ether Lipids as Specific Markers of Developmental Sporulation in the Myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus

Novel Iso-branched Ether Lipids as Specific Markers of Developmental Sporulation in the Myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus

A Review: Microalgae and Their Applications in CO2 Capture and Renewable Energy

Fatty acid methyl esters extracted from the cuticular surface of Artemia franciscana (Kellogs, 1906) (Crustacea: Anostraca) increase the swim speed of conspecific males

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