Evaluation of Factors Affecting Enuresis in 6- to 12-Year-Old Children Referred to the Pediatric Nephrology Clinic

Abstract

Enuresis is one of the most common disorders in children, and if left untreated can cause anxiety, low self-esteem, and family problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with enuresis to provide recommendations for more efficient prevention and treatment. A cross-sectional study was performed on children aged 6 to 12 years with enuresis, referred to the pediatric clinic between April 2017 and April 2018. Children were divided into two groups: monosymptomatic enuresis and healthy subjects. Then, a questionnaire was completed by their parents to assess the factors related to enuresis. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. In this study, out of 140 children with an average age of 8.22 ± 2.01 years, 77 cases (55%) had enuresis, of which 57 (40.7%) had primary enuresis, and 20 cases (14.3%) had secondary enuresis. There was a significant difference between the control and the case groups in terms of: father's education, family income, family history, number of people sleeping in the room, family problems, problems at school, history of urinary tract infections, history of pinworms, difficulty falling asleep, difficulty in waking up, feeling tired after waking up, and drowsiness during the day. Enuresis is associated with several physiological, psychological, and genetic factors. Controlling these factors requires paying attention to the elements such as the mental health of the family and child's sleep health through education, family awareness, and counseling.

The genetics of incontinence: A scoping review

“…Selection of eligible papers were performed according to the PRISMA‐ScR document, with two independent authors for screening, full text assessment and inclusion (see Figure 1 for PRISMA 2020 selection flow diagram). Seventy‐six papers 1,10,30–103 were included. Eligible papers are summarized in Table 1, and information about candidate genes are summarized in Table 2.…”

“…The first studies to imply a familial risk in incontinence were epidemiological studies. Regarding NE, findings from the included studies 1,10,31,34,35,44,47,55,70,72,75,79,81,83,95,96 (see Table 1) suggest that NE have a genetic risk component, as the prevalence of NE in family members of enuretic children is high and varies between 15% and 76% in fathers, 14.5 in 76% in mothers, and 6%-38% in siblings. Interestingly, fathers seem to have been affected more often than mothers in most studies.…”

Comprehensive Review of Nocturnal Enuresis in Children

“…Another study on 140 children demonstrated that family history was positive in 57.2% of children with enuresis, while this was positive in 28.6% of children without enuresis (19). In addition to positive family history, parents' educational level, birth order, family economic status, the number of siblings and family members, a history of previous urinary tract infections, and constipation are associated with enuresis (19,20).…”