Evaluation of FD2 (Frisby Davis distance) stereotest in surgical management of intermittent exotropia

Singh, Abhishek; Sharma, Pradeep; Singh, Digvijay; Saxena, Rohit; Sharma, Amit; Menon, Vimla

doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302321

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Our results are in line with previous studies that point to increased threshold estimates and increased variability in TNO compared to Randot Circles, although average threshold estimates differ between the samples. Our average threshold estimate of 118 arcsec with TNO in healthy children aged 4–16 years is slightly higher than reported by Simons (109.9 arcsec in children aged 2–3) and significantly higher than reported by Singh et al . in children and adults aged 6 or older (63 arcsec, unpaired t ‐test: t 125 = 2.37, p = 0.02) .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Overestimation of stereo thresholds by the TNO stereotest is not due to global stereopsis

Vancleef

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Herbert

et al. 2017

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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PurposeIt has been repeatedly shown that the TNO stereotest overestimates stereo threshold compared to other clinical stereotests. In the current study, we test whether this overestimation can be attributed to a distinction between ‘global’ (or ‘cyclopean’) and ‘local’ (feature or contour‐based) stereopsis.MethodsWe compared stereo thresholds of a global (TNO) and a local clinical stereotest (Randot Circles). In addition, a global and a local psychophysical stereotest were added to the design. One hundred and forty‐nine children between 4 and 16 years old were included in the study.ResultsStereo threshold estimates with TNO were a factor of two higher than with any of the other stereotests. No significant differences were found between the other tests. Bland‐Altman analyses also indicated low agreement between TNO and the other stereotests, especially for higher stereo threshold estimates. Simulations indicated that the TNO test protocol and test disparities can account for part of this effect.DiscussionThe results indicate that the global – local distinction is an unlikely explanation for the overestimated thresholds of TNO. Test protocol and disparities are one contributing factor. Potential additional factors include the nature of the task (TNO requires depth discrimination rather than detection) and the use of anaglyph red/green 3D glasses rather than polarizing filters, which may reduce binocular fusion.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Overestimation of stereo thresholds by the TNO stereotest is not due to global stereopsis

Vancleef

Read

Herbert

et al. 2017

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…Logically, the use of AS in children should provide better functional effects than that in adults. Many studies in the literature support benefits of early ocular alignment [45][46][47][48], however, the optimal age for strabismus surgery is still debatable [49,50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjustable Versus Nonadjustable Sutures in Strabismus Surgery—Who Benefits the Most?

Gawęcki¹

2020

JCM

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Background: Adjustable sutures have been used in strabismus surgery for more than 40 years, but controversy remains regarding their application. This review sought to analyze studies comparing the efficacy of adjustable sutures (AS) and nonadjustable sutures (NAS) in the treatment of different ocular deviations. Materials and Methods: The PubMed literature database was searched using the keywords ‘adjustable sutures’ and ‘strabismus surgery’, yielding a total of 209 results. Only comparative studies were extracted, and the results were divided into three categories: Adult comitant strabismus, childhood comitant strabismus, and paretic/restrictive strabismus. Results: The search revealed eleven comparative studies on AS versus NAS in adult strabismus, including only one randomized controlled trial. Five of these studies analyzed just the postoperative success rate, three studies analyzed just the reoperation rate, two studies analyzed both the postoperative success and reoperation rates, and one study evaluated achievement of the postoperative target angle. Three of seven studies analyzing postoperative success reported the statically significant superiority of AS over NAS, while four of five studies analyzing reoperation rate indicated a significantly smaller percentage of reoperations with the use of AS. The study covering postoperative target angle as an outcome favored the AS technique. Separately, the search revealed three comparative studies on AS versus NAS in childhood strabismus, one of which reported a statistically significant advantage with AS. Only four comparative studies on AS versus NAS in paretic or restrictive strabismus were found; all showed a tendency for better results with the use of AS but not in a statistically significant fashion. Overall, out of 18 studies analyzed in this review, 17 suggested better clinical results followed the application of AS versus NAS; however, only a minority had statistically significant results. Conclusion: The analysis of available research failed to support AS as the preferable surgery technique over NAS in cases of simple and predictive strabismus. Further research is needed to more precisely determine the group of patients able to benefit the most from AS.

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“…The FD2 test is a real-world, contour-based distance stereotest, which is often used and reported in strabismus studies. 3 , 4 , 16 – 18 In previous reports, the stereoacuity of the FD2 test in IXT was 40 arcsec (median) 3 and 32.87 arcsec ± 8.65 arcsec (mean ± SD), 17 which was considered generally good because it is speculated that FD2 stimulates fusion. 3 When the distance stereotests are arranged in the order of real-world viewing, the contour-based FD2 test, which does not have a dichoptic effect, is the closest to real-world viewing, followed by the contour-based SC test with a dichoptic effect and the random dot-based DR test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Distance stereotesting using vision test charts for intermittent exotropia

Nishikawa¹,

Ishiko²,

Yamaga³

et al. 2015

OPTH

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PurposeTo assess the role of distance stereoacuity using the System Chart SC-1600 Pola (SC) to evaluate intermittent exotropia (IXT).MethodsStereoacuity testing was performed in 28 children with IXT and 25 age-matched control subjects using the SC test, the distance Randot stereotest for distance, and the Titmus stereotest for near stereoacuity. Ocular alignment control was defined using the revised Newcastle Control Score (NCS). The correlations between the stereotests and NCS were evaluated using Spearman’s correlation test.ResultsDistance stereoacuity was better in both groups when using the SC test than when using the distance Randot stereotest (median: patients with IXT, 90 arcsec and 400 arcsec; control, 60 arcsec and 100 arcsec; P<0.001 for both comparisons). The two test scores were not correlated in either group (IXT: rs=−0.003, P=0.99; control: rs=0.37, P=0.07). A positive correlation was found between the distance NCS and SC test scores (rs=0.49, P=0.004) and the total NCS and SC test scores (rs=0.49, P=0.004). However, no correlation was observed between any NCS and the distance Randot stereotest or Titmus stereotest scores.ConclusionStereoacuity, as measured by the SC test, may be an objective measure of IXT control.

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Evaluation of FD2 (Frisby Davis distance) stereotest in surgical management of intermittent exotropia

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Overestimation of stereo thresholds by the TNO stereotest is not due to global stereopsis

Overestimation of stereo thresholds by the TNO stereotest is not due to global stereopsis

Adjustable Versus Nonadjustable Sutures in Strabismus Surgery—Who Benefits the Most?

Distance stereotesting using vision test charts for intermittent exotropia

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Evaluation of FD2 (Frisby Davis distance) stereotest in surgical management of intermittent exotropia

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Overestimation of stereo thresholds by the TNO stereotest is not due to global stereopsis

Overestimation of stereo thresholds by the TNO stereotest is not due to global stereopsis

Adjustable Versus Nonadjustable Sutures in Strabismus Surgery—Who Benefits the Most?

Distance stereotesting using vision test charts for&nbsp;intermittent exotropia

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Product

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Distance stereotesting using vision test charts for intermittent exotropia