Evaluation of Flow Assurance in Onshore Production Facilities in the Niger Delta

Development of Poly(acrylate-co-benzyl maleate) Copolymers as Wax Deposition Inhibitors for Crude Oil

“…The peaks in the region of δ 1. In spectrum a in Figure 8A, the spectrum of C 22 Ac showed the asymmetric and symmetric stretching peaks at 2924 and 2853 cm −1 , respectively, which were characteristics of the aliphatic sp 3 C−H bond; however, the respective peaks were absent in the BM spectrum (spectrum b in Figure 8A), thus ruling out the presence of the aliphatic sp 3 In spectra a−c in Figure 8B, the spectra of all of the synthesized poly(C 22 Ac-co-BM) copolymers, P1, P2, and P3, showed the asymmetric and symmetric stretching peaks at 2920 and 2851 cm −1 , respectively, characteristic of the aliphatic sp 3 C−H bond. The sharp peak at 1733 cm −1 3.6.…”

“…Among these crude oils, heavy crude oil faces the major challenge of flow assurance under low-temperature conditions as a result of its high wax content. As the temperature of crude oil falls below the wax appearance temperature (WAT), the paraffin wax present in the crude oil separates in the form of crystals and begins to agglomerate on the walls of the pipeline or vessels. , As a result, there is a reduction in the effective diameter of the pipeline, leading to restricted flow of crude oil or, under severe conditions, pipeline blockage. Yang et al and Ganeeva et al have studied the microstructure of these crystal-forming waxes and concluded that the main composition of these waxes is long saturated hydrocarbon chains with a high molecular weight.…”

Investigation on Wax Deposition Reduction Using Natural Plant-Based Additives for Sustainable Energy Production from Penara Oilfield Malaysia Basin

“… 4 The organic compounds precipitate, agglomerate, and accumulate from the crude oil stream onto the walls of pipelines and inside process vessels. 5 According to Thota and Onyeanuna, 6 the well stream fluid is a multiphase mixture that primarily consists of gaseous hydrocarbon, liquid hydrocarbon (oil), and water. Different problems occur in the pipelines and downhole during the transportation and production of the multiphase fluid, such as scale deposits caused by different inorganic salts, organic depositions (wax and asphaltenes), corrosion damage to the associated equipment and pipelines because of high water cut, and the formation of gas hydrate caused by mixing of hydrocarbons and water.…”

“…Wax deposition is the most predominant flow assurance problem caused by the deposition of heavy organic materials present in the oil and leads to the blocking of flow lines . The organic compounds precipitate, agglomerate, and accumulate from the crude oil stream onto the walls of pipelines and inside process vessels . According to Thota and Onyeanuna, the well stream fluid is a multiphase mixture that primarily consists of gaseous hydrocarbon, liquid hydrocarbon (oil), and water.…”