Evaluation of Fungal Deterioration in Liquidambar orientalis Mill. Heartwood by FT-IR and Light Microscopy

Abstract

The chemical and morphological changes in heartwood specimens of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. caused by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and the brown-rot fungi Tyromyces palustris and Gloeophyllum trabeum were studied by wet chemistry, FT-IR, GC-MS analyses, and photo-microscopy. According to GC-MS results, 26 extracts identified in the ethanol/toluene extraction and 17 in the ethanol extraction were found. Heartwood specimens of L. orientalis were highly susceptible to the fungi tested. While 1% NaOH solubility increased 35% in the specimen decayed by T. palustris, only an 8% increase was seen in the specimen exposed to T. versicolor when compared to the control specimen. Decayed wood by T. palustris showed a 5.5% increase in the Klason lignin content when compared to control specimens; however, the Klason lignin content decreased after a T. versicolor attack for 12 weeks. A T. versicolor attack in the cell walls was seen both from the lumina and from the cell corners, and the attack from the cell corners was mainly clear in ray parenchyma cells. An excessive destruction was detected in the wood structure attacked by T. palustris. The cell collapse was caused by a distortion in the plane of the wood cells. This extensive degradation was seen in all types of cell walls. Cracks in the cell walls were also detected in the specimens.

Surface characterization of wood treated with boron compounds combined with water repellents

“…The C–H found in cellulose, cellulose, hemicelluloses and the CO and cellulose present in lignin express the C–O bonds in hemicelluloses. The relationship of these peaks with polysaccharides has been reported in the literatüre . These peak values showed a decrease in the control samples after the weathering testing, a result which is compatible with the literature.…”

“…The relationship of these peaks with polysaccharides has been reported in the literatüre. 33,45,57,[61][62][63] These peak values showed a decrease in the control samples after the weathering testing, a result which is compatible with the literature. Yildiz et al 64 in their study found that in parallel with the increase in the UV exposure time, these peaks decreased in coniferous wood species, while they increased in leafy wood species.…”

“…The reduction or loss of peaks in this band range is indicative of delignification and degradation of the aromatic rings. 46,57 In the study, the 1230-1270 cm −1 absorption peak density was significantly reduced in the control samples. There were decreases in the variations impregnated with BA + LO, BA + AS, BA + PEG, and NB, whereas increases were observed in the sample groups impregnated with BA + SS.…”

“…The 1230‐1270 cm −1 peaks show the CO voltage found in the lignin. The reduction or loss of peaks in this band range is indicative of delignification and degradation of the aromatic rings . In the study, the 1230‐1270 cm −1 absorption peak density was significantly reduced in the control samples.…”

The Parenchyma of Secondary Xylem and Its Critical Role in Tree Defense against Fungal Decay in Relation to the CODIT Model

“…For instance, lianas have RP cells that are thin-walled, which is speculated to allow for increased twisting without rupture (Schenck, 1893; Haberlandt, 1914; Sieber and Kučera, 1980; Gartner, 1991; Putz and Holbrook, 1991). In Liquidambar , however, the rays have an even higher specific gravity (relative density) than the surrounding fibers (Taylor, 1969), which may explain why their cell walls are resistant against a number of important fungi to a high degree, while the fibers are easily digested (Yilgor et al, 2013). The high anatomical variation in the structure of rays (Chattaway, 1951), from their height through to their width and connectivity with AP, could also help evaluate the effectiveness of wall 3 between species.…”