Evaluation of gender differences in physiology: an introduction

Tarnopolsky, Mark A.

doi:10.1097/00075197-200111000-00004

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Digestive efficiency and retention time of nutrients directly influence foraging behaviour and maximum food intake rate; therefore, small differences in the physiology of the sexes may translate into larger impacts on foraging decisions (Hilton et al 2000). Previous work has noted an apparent ability of female vertebrates to metabolize proportionally more lipids than males (Tarnopolsky and Saris 2001). However, it remains to be explored whether the adult's body condition and the ability to metabolize different nutrients influence the nutritional quality of foods selected for chicks.…”

Section: Sex-specific Macronutrient Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-specific macronutrient foraging strategies in a highly successful marine predator: the Australasian gannet

et al. 2016

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Farewell Spit gannetry in New Zealand. Our results showed intra-and inter-specific variation in the protein, lipid and water composition of prey captured by our sample of 111 Australasian gannets. In addition, we observed significant differences in the Australasian gannets' nutritional niche between seasons. We provide evidence of sex-specific macronutrient foraging strategies in a successful marine predator in the wild. We have shown that in spite of fluctuations in the nutritional composition of foods available to Australasian gannets, males consistently capture prey with higher protein-to-lipid ratios and lower lipid-to-water ratios than females. These results aid to better understand the evolutionary relationship between macronutrient selection and sex-specific traits in wild animals. They also suggest an incentive for these predators to combine individually imbalanced but nutritionally complementary foods to achieve dietary balance, further highlighting the likelihood that prey selection is guided by the balance of macronutrients, rather than energy alone.

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Section: Sex-specific Macronutrient Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-specific macronutrient foraging strategies in a highly successful marine predator: the Australasian gannet

et al. 2016

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“…However, we feel it is important to note that the V O 2 max values for our untrained 14-yr-old girls and boys are strikingly similar to published values derived from large numbers of 14-yr-old adolescents from around the world (1,2,15,26,38). In addition, aerobic power expressed relative to fat-free mass was identical between the male and female groups, and this is an important prerequisite in exercise studies that compare sexes (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-based effects on the distribution of NK cell subsets in response to exercise and carbohydrate intake in adolescents

Timmons

Tarnopolsky²,

Bar‐Or³

2006

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation and female sex independently influence the natural killer (NK) cell response to acute exercise. Consequently, this study sought to elucidate sex-based differences in the distribution of NK cell subsets (i.e., CD56dim and CD56bright) in response to exercise and CHO intake. Twenty-two healthy 14-yr-old girls (n = 11) and boys (n = 11) cycled for 60 min at 70% maximal oxygen consumption while drinking 6% CHO (CT) or flavored water (WT). Blood was collected at rest, during exercise (30 and 60 min), and during recovery (30 and 60 min) to identify CD3- CD56dim and CD3- CD56bright NK cells. The activation marker CD69 was also determined on CD3- CD56+ cells. CD56dim responses, expressed as proportions or cell counts, were greater (P < or = 0.01) in girls by 67 and 105%, respectively. CD56bright cell counts (P = 0.006), but not CD56bright proportions (P = 0.89), were greater in girls by 82%. Both CD56dim and CD56bright subset responses, expressed as proportions or cell counts, were lower (P < or = 0.01) in CT vs. WT by 33-36%. The CD56bright-to-CD56dim ratio decreased at 30 min of exercise but increased during recovery (P < 0.001), with no effect of sex or CHO. Regardless of trial, CD3- CD56+ cells expressed approximately 18% higher levels of CD69 during recovery in girls but not boys (P = 0.03), despite similar proportions and counts of CD69+ cells. These results demonstrate sex-based differences in the distribution of NK cell subsets and activation status in response to exercise, but not CHO intake, and further support the need to control for sex in exercise immunology studies.

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“…There is growing evidence for such sex differences in nutrient processing. for example, differences in the utilization of metabolic substrates during exercise have now been well established in humans, where females metabolize proportionately more lipids and less carbohydrates and protein than do males (Tarnopolsky and Saris 2001). However, more work is clearly needed to better understand how differences in post-ingestive processing relate to the specific demands imposed by reproduction in each sex.…”

Section: Sexually-selected Ornamentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex in a material world: why the study of sexual reproduction and sex-specific traits should become more nutritionally-explicit

Morehouse

Nakazawa

Booher

et al. 2010

Oikos

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International audienceRecent advances in nutritional ecology, particularly arising from Ecological stoichiometry and the Geometric framework for nutrition, have resulted in greater theoretical coherence and increasingly incisive empirical methodologies that in combination allow for the consideration of nutrient-related processes at many levels of biological complexity. However, these advances have not been consistently integrated into the study of sexual differences in reproductive investment, despite contemporary emphasis on the material costs associated with sexually selected traits (e.g. condition-dependence of exaggerated ornaments). Nutritional ecology suggests that material costs related to sex-specific reproductive traits should be linked to quantifiable underlying differences in the relationship between individuals of each sex and their foods. Here, we argue that applying nutritionally-explicit thought to the study of sexual reproduction should both deepen current understanding of sex-specific phenomena and broaden the tractable frontiers of sexual selection research. In support of this general argument, we examine the causes and consequences of sex-specific nutritional differences, from food selection and nutrient processing to sex-specific reproductive traits. At each level of biological organization, we highlight how a nutritionally-explicit perspective may provide new insights and help to identify new directions. Based on predictions derived at the individual level, we then consider how sex-specific nutrient limitation might influence population growth, and thus potentially broader patterns of life history evolution, using a simple population dynamics model. We conclude by highlighting new avenues of research that may be more accessible from this integrative perspective

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Evaluation of gender differences in physiology: an introduction

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Sex-specific macronutrient foraging strategies in a highly successful marine predator: the Australasian gannet

Sex-specific macronutrient foraging strategies in a highly successful marine predator: the Australasian gannet

Sex-based effects on the distribution of NK cell subsets in response to exercise and carbohydrate intake in adolescents

Sex in a material world: why the study of sexual reproduction and sex-specific traits should become more nutritionally-explicit

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