Evaluation of Genotoxic and Mutagenic Activity of Organic Extracts from Drinking Water Sources

Abstract

An increasing number of industrial, agricultural and commercial chemicals in the aquatic environment lead to various deleterious effects on organisms, which is becoming a serious global health concern. In this study, the Ames test and SOS/umu test were conducted to investigate the potential genotoxicity and mutagenicity caused by organic extracts from drinking water sources. Organic content of source water was extracted with XAD-2 resin column and organic solvents. Four doses of the extract equivalent to 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2L of source water were tested for toxicity. All the water samples were collected from six different locations in Guangdong province. The results of the Ames test and SOS/umu test showed that all the organic extracts from the water samples could induce different levels of DNA damage and mutagenic potentials at the dose of 2 L in the absence of S9 mix, which demonstrated the existence of genotoxicity and mutagenicity. Additionally, we found that Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 was more sensitive for the mutagen. Correlation analysis between genotoxicity, Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) showed that most individual OCPs were frame shift toxicants in drinking water sources, and there was no correlation with total OCPs and PAHs.

Screening of Asa River water in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria for available pollutants and its effects on mitosis and chromosomes morphology in Allium cepa cells

“…Furthermore, the effects of water sample C on A. cepa cells and root growth in this study may logically be expected in the crops (along the River bank) that are being watered with water from the sampling point C through bioaccumulation and biomagni cation. These effects may be further transferred to consumers of these crops including humans along the food chain as reported by Guan et al [1]. This extrapolation of the outcomes of this study to predict similar effects in animal cells is based on the fact that there is oxidase enzyme in A. cepa cells which makes it suitable to evaluate genotoxicity of promutagens which requires conversion to mutagenic or genotoxic metabolites, although at a lesser rate compared to how it is carried out by P-450 enzyme in the liver cells of higher animals.…”

“…Rivers, lakes and ponds are sources of freshwater providing water for drinking, irrigating farmlands and other human activities globally. Pollution of surface water source occurs through release of industrial wastewater, agricultural and domestic wastes into water body according to Guan et al [1] Hussein et al [2] observed that contamination and pollution of aquatic environment has become a serious matter of concern globally due to their adverse effects on the ecological balance including loss of aquatic biodiversity. Although natural contamination of freshwater sources may occur at gradual processes through chemical weathering and soil leaching, but the release from anthropogenic sources is rapid and takes place at alarming rate as reported by Ogunkunle et al [3].…”

“…The Allium cepa assay was employed to evaluate cytogenotxicity of Sungai Dua river water in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia and Guaribas river water in Piauí, Brazil [13,14]. Other genetic models such as Ames test, SOS/Umu test, comet assay and micronucleus test have also been employed in studying potential genotoxicity and mutagenicity of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs), their degradation products, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PHAs) in river surface waters in Central Chile, Shanghai, China and Adige river basin [1,15,16,17]. Previous studies on cytogenotoxicity of heavy metals and their accumulation in the organs of some selected sh species in Asa river water body and Apodu reservoir in Malete Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria employed micronucleus assay and Ames test which can detect only clastogenic effect and point mutations caused by environmental contaminants in this water body as reported by Hussein et al [2] and Anifowose et al [18].…”

Ecotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Steel Slags: Preliminary Results

“…Many mutagenic/genotoxic substances can be present and accumulate in the aquatic and soil environments, and have adverse effects on biocenosis and can affect humans through drinking water (Ceretti et al, 2016;Guan et al, 2017), surface water (Ohe, Watanabe, & Wakabayashi, 2004) and the food chain (Hamilton, Young, Bailey, & Watts, 2018). Consequently, the diffusion of these substances in water and soil could became a public health problem (Drzeżdżon, Jacewicz, & Chmurzyński, 2018;Rashtian, Chavkin, & Merhi, 2019).…”

Application of Response Surface Methodology (Rsm) - Reduction of Industrial Wastewater Chemical Oxygen Demand

“…Waste oil, which is the main pollutant in the oil refinery and in petrochemical wastewater, forms a layer on the receiving water body surface, interfering with oxygenation of the water body, as well as producing a photochemical pollution that increases the chemical oxygen demand (COD). A high COD, when related to industrial oil wastes, can lead to mortality of aquatic life forms and when in drinking water can cause increased activity of mutagenic and carcinogenic in humans (Guan et al 2017). To protect the environment and maintain good water quality, industrial wastewaters are treated by purification, removing sediment, and separation of water from the oil.…”