Evaluation of glucose tolerance and intestinal luminal membrane glucose transporter function in horses with equine motor neuron disease

Benders, N. A.; Dyer, Jane; Wijnberg, Inge D.; Shirazi-Beechey, Soraya P.; Kolk, Johannes H. van der

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.93

Cited by 23 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The values of MUP variables had characteristics corresponding with neuropathic MUPs according to definitions determined in former studies in warmblood horses (2,59,60).…”

Section: Emg Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

(Over)training effects on quantitative electromyography and muscle enzyme activities in standardbred horses

Wijnberg¹,

Dam²,

Graaf-Roelfsema³

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Physiology

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To study whether quantitative needle electromyography (QEMG) is more sensitive to detect training (mal)adaptation than muscle enzyme activities, 12 standardbred geldings trained for 32 wk in age-, breed-, and sex-matched fixed pairs. After a habituation and normal training (NT) phase (phases 1 and 2, 4 and 18 wk, respectively), with increasing intensity and duration and frequency of training sessions, an intensified training (IT) group (phase 3, 6 wk) and a control group (which continued training as in the last week of phase 2) were formed. Thereafter, all horses entered a reduced training phase (phase 4, 4 wk). One hour before a standardized exercise test (SET; treadmill), QEMG analysis and biochemical enzyme activity were performed in muscle or in biopsies from vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscle in order to identify causes of changes in exercise performance and eventual (mal)adaptation in skeletal muscle. NT resulted in a significant adaptation of QEMG parameters, whereas in muscle biopsies hexokinase activity was significantly decreased. Compared with NT controls, IT induced a stronger adaptation (e.g., higher amplitude, shorter duration, and fewer turns) in QEMG variables resembling potentially synchronization of individual motor unit fiber action potentials. Despite a 19% decrease in performance of the SET after IT, enzyme activities of 3-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase and citrate synthase displayed similar increases in control and IT animals. We conclude that 1) QEMG analysis is a more sensitive tool to monitor training adaptation than muscle enzyme activities but does not discriminate between overreaching and normal training adaptations at this training level and 2) the decreased performance as noted in this study after IT originates most likely from a central (brain) rather than peripheral level. equine; motor unit action potential analysis; training adaptation; muscle metabolism; enzymology; overreaching THE AIM OF PHYSICAL TRAINING is to increase performance capacity by gradually increasing both duration and intensity of the exercise bouts. Each exercise session induces, dependent on the total training load, disturbances in cellular homeostasis. If the training load is balanced with the individual's exercise tolerance, regenerative processes will restore or increase athletic performance within a couple of days (35,36,39,40). In this situation adaptive processes result in, among others, increments in aerobic key enzymes in skeletal muscle (32) or excitability after endurance, strength, or sprint training (7,23,25,28,29) . However, sustained vigorous training, often coupled with other stressors, may result in incomplete recovery, and decrement rather than improvement or maintenance of performance will occur. This process is termed overreaching, which might lead to the more severe chronic situation called overtraining (33,40).Since overtraining and, to a lesser extent, overreaching are severe conditions leading to decreases in performance capacity for several weeks to several months, this obviou...

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“…The values of MUP variables had characteristics corresponding with neuropathic MUPs according to definitions determined in former studies in warmblood horses (2,59,60).…”

Section: Emg Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

(Over)training effects on quantitative electromyography and muscle enzyme activities in standardbred horses

Wijnberg¹,

Dam²,

Graaf-Roelfsema³

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…In 7 out of 12 cases, an oral glucose tolerance test (according to Benders et al 2005) was performed with poor glucose absorption shown in only 2 cases. In addition, in 6 out of 12 cases gastro-duodenoscopyassisted biopsies taken from the proximal duodenum were available for histopathology revealing predominantly very mild lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gluten-dependent antibodies in horses with inflammatory small bowel disease (ISBD)

Kolk¹,

Putten²,

Mulder³

et al. 2012

Veterinary Quarterly

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Background: Equine inflammatory small bowel disease (ISBD) is an idiopathic pathologic condition seeming to increase in prevalence. Objective: To investigate the potential role of gluten in equine ISBD. Animals & Methods: Antibodies known to be important in the diagnosis of human coeliac disease (CD): IgA antibodies to human recombinant and guinea pig tissue-transglutaminase (TGA), native gliadin (AGA), deamidated-gliadin-peptides (DGPA), and primate and equine endomysium (EMA) were assessed in blood samples from three different groups of horses: ISBD affected (n ¼ 12) on a gluten-rich diet and controls either on gluten-rich (n ¼ 22) or gluten-poor (n ¼ 25) diets. Significant differences ( p < 0.05) between groups were assessed using the Wilcoxon test. Results: Both ISBD-affected horses and gluten-rich controls had significantly ( p < 0.0004) higher hrTGA titers than gluten-poor controls. However, ISBD horses did not show significantly increased levels of any of the CD related antibodies when compared to gluten-rich controls. Nevertheless, markedly increased antibody levels (TGA, EMA and DGPA) were found in one of the ISBD horses. The introduction of a gluten-free ration in this 14-year-old warmblood stallion resulted after 6 months in the reduction of antibody levels and clinical recovery associated with improved duodenal histopathology. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study assessing gluten-related antibodies in horses and results suggest a potential pathogenic role of gluten in at least some cases of equine ISBD. Clinical importance and impact for human medicine: Given serology and concurrent clinical findings, this study warrants further investigations into the immunologic basis of possible gluten-sensitive enteropathy in horses and analogy with human disease.

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“…57 Techniques for quantitative analysis of motor action potentials have been published, 59 and results are abnormal in horses with EMND. 60 Regardless of the EMG technique used, abnormal results are nonspecific as to cause, suggesting only denervation or myopathy. 56 GLUCOSE ABSORPTION/METABOLISM Oral glucose tolerance tests in horses with EMND were abnormal in approximately 50% of reported cases whereas results of oral xylose absorption tests were normal or slightly low.…”

Section: Needle Electromyographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…56 GLUCOSE ABSORPTION/METABOLISM Oral glucose tolerance tests in horses with EMND were abnormal in approximately 50% of reported cases whereas results of oral xylose absorption tests were normal or slightly low. 40,43,60 Plasma glucose curves were lower than reference range in 6/8 horses given oral glucose and peak glucose concentrations were below normal range in 2/6 horses given IV glucose. 60 On the basis of hyperglycemic clamp results in these horses, it was suggested that increased glucose metabolism, rather than reduced intestinal absorption, was the cause of abnormal oral glucose tolerance in horses with EMND.…”

Section: Needle Electromyographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…40,43,60 Plasma glucose curves were lower than reference range in 6/8 horses given oral glucose and peak glucose concentrations were below normal range in 2/6 horses given IV glucose. 60 On the basis of hyperglycemic clamp results in these horses, it was suggested that increased glucose metabolism, rather than reduced intestinal absorption, was the cause of abnormal oral glucose tolerance in horses with EMND. 61 Euglycemic clamp results from one horse showed a 5.4-fold increase in insulin sensitivity compared with control horses.…”

Section: Needle Electromyographymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurodegenerative Disorders

MacKay¹

2007

Equine Neurology

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Evaluation of glucose tolerance and intestinal luminal membrane glucose transporter function in horses with equine motor neuron disease

Cited by 23 publications

References 20 publications

(Over)training effects on quantitative electromyography and muscle enzyme activities in standardbred horses

(Over)training effects on quantitative electromyography and muscle enzyme activities in standardbred horses

Gluten-dependent antibodies in horses with inflammatory small bowel disease (ISBD)

Neurodegenerative Disorders

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