Evaluation of Glutathione Status in Aquatic Organisms

Almeida, Eduardo Alves de; Silva, Danilo Grünig Humberto; Bainy, Afonso Celso Dias; Freitas, Florêncio P.; Motta, Flávia Daniela; Gomes, Orisson Ponce; Medeiros, Marisa H. G.; Mascio, Paolo Di

doi:10.1002/9781444345988.ch28

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…, De Almeida et al . ). A low GSSG:GSH‐Eq ratio is essential for enzymatic activity, gene expression, and control of ROS levels (Arrigo ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The relationship between GSH-Eq and GSSG provides information on the intracellular redox balance, as well as an estimate of the efficiency of the GSH-generating antioxidant enzyme system; the GSSG:GSH ratio can be used as a proxy for oxidative damage (Dringen 2000, Rahman et al 2007, Valko et al 2007, De Almeida et al 2011. A low GSSG:GSH-Eq ratio is essential for enzymatic activity, gene expression, and control of ROS levels (Arrigo 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glutathione ( γ ‐ L‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteinylglycine) in its reduced form (GSH) is both a nucleophile and a reductant and, thus, can react with electrophiles or with ROS at the cellular level prior to their interactions with critical cell components such as nucleic acids and proteins (Dringen , De Almeida et al . ). Oxidation of GSH yields oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (Dringen ).…”

Section: Reported Diving Capacity (Maximum Depth and Duration) For Thmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Antioxidants of low molecular weight, such as glutathione and vitamins, participate directly as ROS scavengers or as cofactors for antioxidant enzymes (Valko et al 2007). Glutathione (c-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine) in its reduced form (GSH) is both a nucleophile and a reductant and, thus, can react with electrophiles or with ROS at the cellular level prior to their interactions with critical cell components such as nucleic acids and proteins (Dringen 2000, De Almeida et al 2011. Oxidation of GSH yields oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (Dringen 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Circulating glutathione concentrations in marine, semiaquatic, and terrestrial mammals

García-Castañeda

Gaxiola-Robles

Kanatous

et al. 2017

Marine Mammal Science

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An important low molecular weight antioxidant in biological systems is glutathione; its efficiency depends on the equilibrium between its reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms. The oxidized:total glutathione (GSSG:GSH‐Eq) ratio can be used as an indicator of oxidative stress. Previous studies suggest that marine mammals, unlike terrestrial mammals, do not show adverse effects in tissues exposed to ischemia/reperfusion during the peripheral vasoconstriction associated with breath‐hold diving. This is due, in part, to higher antioxidant enzyme activities in marine mammals compared with terrestrial mammals. The objective of this study was to compare circulating glutathione levels among mammals with different diving capacities. Circulating GSH‐Eq, GSH, and GSSG concentrations in erythrocyte samples from northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis annectens), domestic pigs (Sus scrofa), and humans were quantified using spectrophotometry. Higher GSH‐Eq and GSH concentrations and a lower GSSG:GSH‐Eq index were found in erythrocytes from northern elephant seals and bottlenose dolphins as compared to otters, domestic pigs, and humans. Results suggest that marine mammals, independent of their diving capacity, possess a highly developed antioxidant system, including GSH; continuous availability of GSH could allow these species to avoid oxidative damage and tolerate ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation events associated with diving.

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“…, De Almeida et al . ). A low GSSG:GSH‐Eq ratio is essential for enzymatic activity, gene expression, and control of ROS levels (Arrigo ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reported Diving Capacity (Maximum Depth and Duration) For Thmentioning

confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circulating glutathione concentrations in marine, semiaquatic, and terrestrial mammals

García-Castañeda

Gaxiola-Robles

Kanatous

et al. 2017

Marine Mammal Science

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“…A small selection of abdominal tissue from experimental and in situ samplings ( E. mucronata in cold season) was analysed for reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH, GSSG) concentration by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as per de Almeida et al . () with some adjustments. For the GSSH assay, 200 μl of 40 mmol N ‐ethylmaleimine was added to 200 μl supernatant and incubated for 25 min at room temperature in the dark.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of three krill species to hypoxia and warming: an experimental approach to oxygen minimum zones expansion in coastal ecosystems

Tremblay

Abele

2015

Marine Ecology

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To understand the adaptation of euphausiid (krill) species to oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), respiratory response and stress experiments combining hypoxia‐reoxygenation exposure with warming were conducted. Experimental krill species were obtained from the Antarctic (South Georgia area), the Humboldt Current System (HCS, Chilean coast) and the Northern California Current System (NCCS, Oregon). Euphausia mucronata from the HCS showed oxyconforming pO2‐dependent respiration below 80% air saturation (18 kPa). Normoxic subsurface oxygenation in winter posed a ‘high oxygen stress’ for this species. The NCCS krill, Euphausia pacifica, and the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, maintained respiration rates constant down to low critical pO2 values of 6 kPa (30% air saturation) and 11 kPa (55% air saturation), respectively. Antarctic krill had low antioxidant enzyme activities, but high concentrations of the molecular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and was not lethally affected by 6 h exposure to moderate hypoxia. The temperate krill species (E. pacifica) had higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) values in winter than in summer, which relates to a higher winter metabolic rate. In all species, antioxidant enzyme activities remained constant during hypoxic exposure at the typical temperature for their habitat. Warming by 7 °C above habitat temperature in summer increased SOD activities and GSH levels in E. mucronata (HCS), but no oxidative damage occurred. In winter, when the NCCS is well mixed and the OMZ is deeper, +4 °C of warming combined with hypoxia represents a lethal condition for E. pacifica. In summer, when the OMZ expands upwards (100 m subsurface), antioxidant defences counteracted hypoxia and reoxygenation effects in E. pacifica, but only at mildly elevated temperature (+2 °C). In this season, experimental warming by +4 °C reduced antioxidant activities and the combination of warming with hypoxia again caused mortality of exposed specimens. We conclude that a climate change scenario combining warming and hypoxia represents a serious threat to E. pacifica and, as a consequence, NCCS food webs.

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In vitro and in vivo effects of commercial and environmental microplastics on Unio delicatus

Arslan Yüce,

Günal,

Erkmen

et al. 2024

Ecotoxicology

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Evaluation of Glutathione Status in Aquatic Organisms

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

Circulating glutathione concentrations in marine, semiaquatic, and terrestrial mammals

Circulating glutathione concentrations in marine, semiaquatic, and terrestrial mammals

Response of three krill species to hypoxia and warming: an experimental approach to oxygen minimum zones expansion in coastal ecosystems

In vitro and in vivo effects of commercial and environmental microplastics on Unio delicatus

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