Evaluation of heat input during friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

Yi, Dalong; Onuma, Takeyoshi; Mironov, S.; Sato, Yutaka; Kokawa, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1080/13621718.2016.1183079

Cited by 53 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…8 and only the samples subjected to a single type of aging (NA) were reported because no differences in grain size were observed after the post-welding heat treatment. Therefore, similar maximum temperatures reached in the NZ and the negligible effect of different cooling times on the NZ grain size can be confirmed, as already reported by [23]. Also, the differences in maximum temperature measured between TC 1 and TC 2 are around 20 • C and 50 • C for joints made at 60 mm/min and 180 mm/min, respectively.…”

Section: Temperature Measurementssupporting

confidence: 89%

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Relationships between welding parameters, aging conditions, and weld properties in AA7075-T6 friction stir welds

Ambrosio

Girard

Wagner

et al. 2020

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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The influence of processing parameters and several combinations of natural as well as artificial aging on the mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA7075-T6 are analyzed in the present investigation. Different sets of welding parameters were employed to obtain joints characterized by different peak temperatures and thermal cycles. The joint obtained with the highest welding speed has guaranteed the best mechanical properties. The latter were shown to be strongly correlated to heat input, which influences both densities of dislocations in nugget zone grains and growth and dissolution of strengthening precipitates in the heat affected zone that establish the mechanical characteristics of friction stir welds. On the other hand, artificial aging has drastically reduced the strain at break due to strain localization in the heat affected zones while it has proved its effectiveness in stabilizing the mechanical properties when exposed to further natural aging at room temperature.

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Section: Temperature Measurementssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In addition, extra information can be gathered by estimating the different heat inputs obtained in the various configurations. The heat input was calculated using the empirical model proposed by [23] (1). HI = 7.8 v −0.80 ω 0.10 D 0.55…”

Section: Temperature Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between welding parameters, aging conditions, and weld properties in AA7075-T6 friction stir welds

Ambrosio

Girard

Wagner

et al. 2020

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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show abstract

“…Furthermore, the heat input per unit length for both speed levels converges with increasing traverse speed with differences of 89 J/mm for 100 mm/min, 63 J/mm for 150 mm/min, 41 J/mm for 200 mm/min, and 34 J/mm for 250 mm/min. Both effects are characteristical for FSW processes [5,21].…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysis Of Process Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shoulderless Friction Stir Welding: a low-force solid state keyhole joining technique for deep welding of labile structures

Hoßfeld

2021

Prod. Eng. Res. Devel.

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This paper reports on the possibility of performing Friction Stir Welding (FSW) without the usual immanent shoulder to enable FS processing to deep welding of narrow and labile structures and applications where backing is not possible. Requirements and prerequisites, advantages and limitations for Shoulderless Friction Stir Welding (SLFSW) are discussed and an industrial application of the joining technology is presented. For leaving the shoulder out, its central functions in FSW have to be transferred to the pin. The resulting tool design of SLFSW is comparably small and slim and so reduces contact area and effective lever and in turn forces and heat input during processing. SLFSW allows welding paths almost at the edge of components and enables a complete and gap-free joining while a deformation of overhanging structures can be avoided. Compared to standard FSW processes, force reductions of about 80–85 % and power reductions of about 75–80 % were found in this study for a 6.5 mm deep weld opening up additional potential for integration with other spindle processes like milling. The locally very limited process impact of SLFSW resulted in comparably low distortion with a part precision reached of +/− 0.05 mm.

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“…The authors found smaller grain size in the nugget zone for the welds performed at 48 mm/min compared to the one manufactured at 18 mm/min, employing the same rotational speed. Overall, the influence of the most influential weld parameters, namely feed rate and rotational speed, on the microstructural refinement during FSW has been properly summarized by Yi et al [40]. The authors claimed that the grain size in the nugget zone during FSW is firstly influenced by the rotational speed, that affects the peak temperature, and then by the feed rate, that affects the rate of the cooling cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of welding parameters on the microstructure, thermal fields and defect formation in AA7075-T6 friction stir welds

et al. 2020

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This study focuses on the influence of the welding parameters on defectiveness, thermal field and grain size in friction stir welding of aluminium alloy 7075-T6. Different welded specimens were produced employing various rotational speeds and welding speeds. In the first part of the analysis, the quality of the joints was evaluated by microscopic observation of the jointed cross-sections to investigate the modification of the shape of the stirred zones and the occurrence of internal voids. Afterwards, temperature and grain size of welds obtained at welding speed of 60 mm/min have been measured to study the influence of the rotational speed on the heat input. Temperature measurements have been carried out with thermocouples and infrared camera. Grain size evolution of the material was analysed by optical observations of the jointed cross-sections and the average grain size in the nugget zone (NZ) has been estimated through electron backscatter diffraction. The results globally show that the first internal defects arose at the same time as an unexpected zone on the advancing side between the shoulder affected zone (SAZ) and NZ. In sound welds, from 800 to 1400 rpm, the peak temperature showed an increase between 5% and 15%, depending on the considered zone, while the grain size in the stirred zone increased from 2 to 3.6 µm. Overall, it has been shown that the approach to the defective condition is due to the low heat input which is responsible for improper material flow during the process.Keywords friction stir welding • nugget zone • temperature measurement • grain size • process parameters • AA7075-T6

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Evaluation of heat input during friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

Cited by 53 publications

References 20 publications

Relationships between welding parameters, aging conditions, and weld properties in AA7075-T6 friction stir welds

Relationships between welding parameters, aging conditions, and weld properties in AA7075-T6 friction stir welds

Shoulderless Friction Stir Welding: a low-force solid state keyhole joining technique for deep welding of labile structures

Influence of welding parameters on the microstructure, thermal fields and defect formation in AA7075-T6 friction stir welds

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